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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pyogenic-
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to produce pus
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Suppuration-
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excessive pus production
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Staph can easily survive:
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Heat
Drying Many chemicals |
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Staph can survive...
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several months in dried pus and sputum
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Toxins of Staph...
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*Destroy blood cells and tissue
*Necrosis may occur |
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Main cause of death from staph. infection is due to
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blood cell destruction
**blood cell destruction leads to loss of oxygen to tissue |
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Any Staph infection is called an
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abscess
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Staph toxins:
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cytolytic toxin
enterotoxin TSS toxin exfolative toxin |
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cytolytic toxin-
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proteins that disrupt the cell membranes of tissue cells and WBCs
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Enterotoxin-
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proteins that stimulate intestinal muscle contratcion, yielding nausea with intense vomiting. Peristalsis is reversed and the vomitoria center of the brain is stimulated (pons)
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TSS toxin-
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Toxin shock syndrome toxin proteins easily absorbed into the blood stream
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Exfoliative toxin-
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proteins that dissolves epidermal desmosomes causing skin cells to slough.
Example: SSS (Scalded skin syndrome) |
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SSS (Scalded skin syndrom)
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*A reddening of the skin, beginning near the mouth, spreading over the entire body followed by blisters filled with clear fluid
*Within two days teh skni peels off in sheets as if dipped in boiling water *Treated with topical antibiotics, no scarring. |
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Other Staph skin infections
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-Boils (AKA furuncles)
-Carbuncles (coalesced furuncles) -Absecessdes and a variety of wound infections. **The staph infections will travel through the body infecting other organs and tissues |
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Impetigo Contagiosa:
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-Caused by Staph, strep or both
-Skin lesions are pus filled with bacteria and WBCs present in them -lesions will become dark and crusted -May leave scarring -treated with topical antibiotics |
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Systemic Staph infections-
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Staph. toxins and bacteria travel through the blood stream and cause infection in other areas of the body
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Staph Septicemia-
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Staph Bacteria and toxins in the bloodstream
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Two ways staph. septicemia may be acquited
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1. Primary- Staph is directly injected into teh blood (wound)
2. Secondary- staph leaks into the blood from another infection (tooth) |
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Two forms of Staph Septicemia:
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1. Rapid progression- profound toxemia with death within a few days (usually no time for medical help)
2. Slow progression- most frequent (few deaths) staph and its toxins slowly spread throughout the body. |
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Staphylococcal food poisioning is caused by:
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Staph aureus
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Another name for Staphylococcal food poisioning is:
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Enteritis (Sm. intestine) or
Enterocolitis (sm. and lg. intestine) |
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Symptoms of Staphylococcal food poisioning:
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*appear within 2 to 4 hours
*May last up to 48 hours *Profuse diarrhea and projectile vomiting **These symptoms are caused by the toxins present. |
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The tramsmission of staphylococcal food poisioning are:
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-handled foods
-sneezing upon foods -not properly refrigerating or cooking food -Food exposed to room temperature too long **Concern: meat, eggs, cheeses, and dairy products. |
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TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrom)
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*Caused by Staph, Strep, and Diphtheria
*Toxins must be in high levels *Mortalit rate- 7% *Symptoms appear suddenly *Original cases were from prolonged tampon use in the 70s |
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TSS Disease Course
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-Incubates 12-24 hours
-Sudden onset of high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle pain -BP begins to drop; shock may occur within 48 hours of infection -Disorientation |
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Strep Throat is caused by:
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Strep pyogenes
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Symptoms of Strep throat:
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fever, malaise, headache, and pus filled (purulent) lesions on the tonsils.
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Strep throat is AKA
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pharyngitis
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Scarlet Fever:
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*Strep throat with a red rash
*mainly affects children under 12 *SSS develops (Scalded skin syndrome) *Step. pyogenes (Group A strep) |
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Symptoms of Scarlet Fever:
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sore throat
chills fever headache strawberry tongue possible vomiting |
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Strep throat transmission:
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-nose and throat secreations from carrier
-pus from an infected lesion -contaminated objects (fomites) such as: towels,toys,pencils, and dishes |
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Erysipelas...
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*Strep skin infection accompanied by acute spreading inflammation
*Blisters appearing on the face, back, and arms *A hardened cellulitis *Edges have a spreading appearance |
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Transmission of Erysipelas:
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-a wound or abrasion
-spreads through the lymph channels reaching the blood -as it spreads through the blood a cellulitits may form in the heart -joint inflammation and pneumonia may also develop -discharge from a wound or abrasion is infectious |
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Pyoderma...
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-confined pus producing lesion on the face,arms and legs
-a yellow crust will form after the pus filled lesion breaks open -this crust stage is highly contagious and scratching may convey bacteria to the skin, spreading the lesion -direct contact and contaminated fomites are modes of tramsmission |
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Necrotizing Fascitits
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*Called "flesh eating disease" by the news media ..not entirely so!
*Enters the body through breaks in the skin and secretes toxins and enzymes which dissolves the fascia *As the fascia is dissolved, muscle, fat and surroundig tissues seperate (fascitis) *Organ failure and death may occure due to the toxemia which develops |
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Rheumatic Fever
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*A complication of untreated or incorrectly treated strep throat or Scarlett fever
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With Rheumatic Fever what is damaged?
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Heart valves and heart muscle
-Heart valve replacement may be needed by the mid 50s |
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Rheumatic Fever...
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Has autoimmune properties.
-Antibodies against strep. pyogenes cross react with antigens of the heart. -Rheumatic fever was very prominent before the development of antimicrobial drugs -May develop joint inflammation, kidney and brain vellel damage. |
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Glomerulonephritis
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*Filtration of strep. pyogenes and its antibodies from the kidney is prohibited.
*The reason is unclear *The antibodies of strep. pyogenes become trapped in the glomeruli of the nephron *Blood flow through the kidneys is blocked leading to eleveated blood pressure and low urine output. |
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Glomerulonephritis cont.
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*Blood and proteins are secretedin the urine
*irreversible kdney damage may result in adults *Young patients usually recover fully from this disorder. |
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Puerperal Sepsis
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-streptococcus pyogenes
-"child bed fever" -May be transmitted from nose or throat of an infected person or infected hands and medical instruments. -Females may carry this strep in their vaginal lining. -Semmelweiss- Hand washing. |
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Peurperal Sepsis cont.
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-25% of cases are caused by normal strep. of the vagina
-75% of cases are caused by contaminated hands, medical instruments, coughing and transmission to vagina after delivery. |
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Streptococcal TTS
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-a spread from the site of infection through the bloodstream (Bacteremia and multi-system infections)
-patients suffering from HIV, forms of cancer, heart disease, pulmonary disease, or diabetes are at high risk -symptoms include: Pain, fever,chills, malaise, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea -death rate is 40% |
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Prevention of strep infection:
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1. wear gloves and wash hands
2. thoroughly cook and refrigerate foods 3. place antiseptic/antibiotic on mild wounds and abrasions 4. do not touch your face with hands 5. watch signs (sore throat, high fever, ear infections) 6. Get vaccine and shots |
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What is the speces name that causes most staph diseases
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aureus
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Describe the effect, which the toxins from Staph and Strep may cause to the skin
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-Destroy blood cells and necrosis may occur
-Cell destrustion and loss of oxygen to the tissue |
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MRSA stands for..
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Methicillin Resistant staph aureus
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Where is MRSA usually found?
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in the nose, under the arm and in the groin area
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How is MRSA transmitted?
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Hands of personnel
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What does VRE stand for?
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Vancomycin resistant entercoccus
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Where is VRE found?
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Mainly stool but can be found in urine blood and wound infections
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How is VRE trasmitted?
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through cantact with contaminated material such as contact with stool or other contaminated material.
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What does VRSA stand for?
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Vancomycin resistant staph aureus
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What 3 kinds of bacteria cause TSS (Toxic shock syndrome) ?
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Staph
Strep Diphtheria |
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What is the mortality rate for TSS
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7%
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What is a situation in which TSS may occur
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prolonged tampon use
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What is the Type lesion of Staphylococcal infections?
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Abcess
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What is the type lesion of Streptococcal infections?
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cellulitits
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What is the strep group that is most virulent?
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Best Strep group A
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List the outstanding methods of transmission for the Strep infecions in general
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Direct contact
contaminated objects, hands and instruments sneezing coughing feces droplets |
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Nosocomial infection-
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anything acquired in a medical setting
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The most common bacteria involved with a nosocomial infection are:
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Staphylococci
Streptococci Enteric bacilli |
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common causes of nosocomial infections:
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hands of medical staff
urinay tract infections catheters feces of patients to urinay tract of same patient respirators newborn infants exposed to infectious bacteria newly delivered mother's exposed at the uterus, especially to strep. visitors surgery;extended surgery antibiotic use Immunosuppressed patients Compromised patiends Employees who come to work ill |
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Alpha Strep-
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*The most common member of this group is Strep mitis or strep viridans
*Associated with low grade chronic infections such as tooth abscesses and sinus infections |
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Streptococcus mutans-
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causes dental caries
produces an acid and severl enzymes Dextran combines with saliva to make plaque |
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Beta Strep group A (S. pyogenes)
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The most virulent of the Strep
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Beta Strep Group B
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a major cause of meningitis, pneumonia and septicemia in infants less than 2 months of age.
-Mortality rate is almost 100% |
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Beta Strep group D (Strep faecalis)
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*referred to as "Beta Strep not Group A"
*Causes wound infections, gi tract infections, endocarditis and meningitis. *Infection is common in cancer patients |
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Gamma Strep
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-Most are non pathogenic
-rare cause of endocarditis |
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Peptostreptococcus
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normal flora of the skin and upper respiratory tract.
-pep is a common pathogen |
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What does PRP stand for?
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Penicillin resistant pneumococcus
AKA Streptococcus pneumonia or Pneumococcus |
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PRP
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*The only strep that occus in short chains consisting of only two cells to a chain.
*Is nomal flora of the nasopharynx *Common cause of ear infection in children *Mainly causes pneumonia in adults *Strep Pneumonia causes 80% of bacteria pneumonias |
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Tramsmission of PRP
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droplet
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Enterococci are normal flora of the...
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colon
vagina urethra |
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Enterococci are important causes of...
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endocarditis, UTI
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ESBLs Stands for...
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Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase(s)
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What is ESBL?
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an emerging antibiotic resistant organism associated with Gram - bacteria which leads to ineffective antibiotic treatment.
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ESBL Resistance...
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is easily spread from person to person
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Primary site of colonization for ESBL is
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intestinal tract
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ESBLs are seen in 3 organisms:
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E coli
Klebsiella Enterobacter |
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ESBL Transmission
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-Direct contact with excretions/secretions
-Via contaminated hands of healthcare workers -Incorrect technique used during peri-care |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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*approx 1 millon new cases per year worldwide
*is a disease "out of control" *AKA "clap" *Occurs in humas only *Gonococci adhere to muchou membranes by its capsule and fimbriae |
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gonorrhea transmission
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-usually sexual
-may live 24 hours outside the body in moist conditions -Bath water or linens shared with an infected adult -Birth canal to infant -may enter the bloodstream |
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gonorrhea symptoms for males
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-watery discharge from urethra
-2-5 days become purulent discharge -painful urination -vas deferens scarring (sterility) -rarely invade prostate and eididymis -20% have inapparent early symptoms -proctitis -pharyngitits *Arthritis *Meningitis *Endocarditits *Hepatitis |
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gonorrhea symptoms for females
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-often asymptomatic (w/o symptoms)
50% have no symptoms or signs of infection -no vaginal attachment by gonococci -commonly infects cervix of uterus -Gonococci may "hitchhike" on sperm cells to the uterine tubes -Watery discharge may become purulent and have a bad odor |
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gonorrhea symptoms for females cont.
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-fallopian tube scarring (sterility, ectopic pregnancy)
-PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) -Proctitis (anal infection) -pharyngitis -gingivitis -Arthritis, meningitis, endocardidits, hepatitis |
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Gonorrhea symptoms for infants
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-corneal inflammation (eye)
-Ophthalmia neonatorum (inflammation of the conjuctive in newborns) ...under the eye lid -blindness -respiratory tract infections |
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Neisseria meningitidis
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*Common disease often mild and self-limiting
*Found in 40% of the population nasopharynx *Nasopharynx infection is the common self-limiting form *Can be sever and cause sudden death |
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Neisseria meningitidis transmission
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-respiratory droplets (airborne)
-20% of the populatons are carriers -children, compromised, elderly, immunosuppressed are high risk groups -close contact such as soldiers in barracks, prisoners, college students living in dorms and daycares. |
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Meningococcus Symptoms
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-Irregular fever, loss of appetite
-abrupt sore throat, vomiting -constipations, intense headache -intolerance to light and sounds -contracted pupils, delirium -retraction of head and neck pain -convulsions, shock, and coma -blood coagulation in many organs -purpua and petechiae may occur **this is often misdiagnosed due to similarities to migraine headache |
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Meningococcus
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*Meningitis can progress so rapidly that death may result within 6 hours of the initial symptoms.
*Carrier states can be eliminated with drugs *Another name for N. Meningiditis |
