Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Establishment of Soviet Russia: 1917 |
Lenin takes over and withdraws from WWI, signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany losing 1/3 territory. Lenin also publishes secret treaties of allies, starting anti-western sentiment. Treaty abrogated after Allied victory. |
|
|
The Russian Civil War |
Allies support White armies fighting Bolshevism. Minority groups and territories (Georgia, Ukraine, Armenia etc) declare independence. Allies are poorly coordinated and withdraw in 1921. Communism wins decisively, SR regains control of a lot of territory. |
|
|
Russo-Polish War |
Poland establishes borders east of Curzon line (technically in Lithuania) after defeating Russia in a war. |
|
|
Recognition and Comintern |
Trotsky wants recognition, but major nations are not interested b/c SR owes them debts from war. SR forms relations with Germany, forgiving debts and allowing German factories in Russia (against Versailles treaty). Comintern is international org promoting overthrow of noncommunist governments. Works with trade unions, not very successful because SR gov't trying to establish relations with noncommunist governments. |
|
|
Stalin, Stalin, Stalin! (Marcia, Marcia, Marcia!) |
Poor but educated Georgian, Russian is second language. Editor of Pravda during Revolution, controls information. Elected to Central Committee, makes political moves. Stalinism: gov't forces communism on people. People need strong central gov't to tie them to communism. |
|
|
Key Bolshevik Policies |
Decree of Land: no more private ownership. Collectivization, land seizures justified from church and the wealthy. Decree of Peace: withdrawal from WWI in 1917, no secret diplomacy. Decree of Rights of the People: people can leave if they want to not be communist, Fed gov't set up, loyalty to state encouraged |
|
|
After the Revolution: Stalin's Rise to Power |
Stalin becomes Commissar of Nationalities (in charge of non-Russian states. Begins power struggle with Lenin. 1922: Stalin becomes member of Politburo, Orgburo, Secretariat. Only member of all 3 committees, lots of control. |
|
|
Quit Stalin': Method 1 |
Stalin takes out Lenin. Lenin has strokes, Stalin is in charge of his health. When he dies, Stalin makes him into a godlike figure, tells Trotsky the wrong funeral date. |
|
|
Quit Stalin': Method 2 |
Stalin takes out his political rivals. Left: Zinolev, Kamenev (anti-National Economic Policy). Right: Bukharin, Rykov, Tomsky (pro-NEP when Stalin is anti.). Trotsky: lacked will to fight against Stalin, exiled and eventually assassinated. |
|
|
Stalin's Policies |
War Communism: peasants produce everything and hand it over to the government. National Economic Policy: Pre 5 year plan. Replacement for War communism. Allows state control over transport, manufacturing, etc. Small private ownership of farms allowed. Price disparity between cheap industrial goods and expensive food/ag goods. Divides the Bolsheviks. |
|
|
Stalin's Policies part 2: Electric Boogaloo. |
5 Year Plans: replacing the NEP. pros: guaranteed income for the state, stabilize cost of industrial/agricultural goods, industrialize and rearm, surplus labor moved to cities, food cheaper & easier to distribute, spreads communist ideas and influence. |
|
|
Effects of the Electric Boogaloo (5 Year Plans) |
1st one fails, is cancelled. Peasants start overcrowding cities, internal passports assign people to agriculture. Production generally increases, but people's welfare drops. |
|
|
First 5 Year Plan |
massive increase in industrial output, 'increase the production of the means of production' (Iron, steel, power stations, build plants and railways, coal and oil). failed, eventually cancelled because targets were too high. |
|
|
Second and Third 5 Year Plan |
shifted to production of heavy industrial goods (trains, trucks, tractors). Rearming against Hitler. |
|
|
Stalin's Tactics |
Labor discipline: gulags, harsh punishment laws for tardiness/sabotage Internal passports, food rations, accommodation assignments Slave labor: in gulags, prisoners of war, political prisoners of purges Enthusiasm: believing in the importance of work Rewards: motorbikes, badges, work records, party membership Propaganda: anti-US during Depression, ideological indoctrination. |
|
|
Social policies |
Women work equally to men, rewarded for having lots of kids. Trained for combat during WWII. Orthodox church originally discouraged, reintroduced in WWII as nationalistic mainstay. Education: mass indoctrination for everyone, literacy rates rise. Links between classical education and practical work, class importance erased |
|
|
Stalin's Aims |
Secure his position as leader of party and state, defend USSR's fragile structure, strengthen economy, rearm and remilitarize. |
|
|
The Great Terror |
Purges of enemies, propaganda, proliferation of fear in the people for not meeting quotas or going against the state. Unreliable statistics mean we don't know how many people died, appx. 25 million. Survival method: people believe so strongly that even punishment cannot shake belief. |
|
|
Constitution of 1936 |
guaranteed freedoms of RAPPS, as long as they were in accordance with workers' interest. Everything not specifically allowed was forbidden. |
|
|
Domestic Policies after 1945 |
Stalin shifts around ethnic groups and imposes Russian settlers to weaken individual nationalism. Attempts to remove western influence, more purges of doctors and intellectuals. |
|
|
Effects of WWII in USSR |
Returning POWs were imprisoned, arrested, and shot to avoid western influence entering Russia. Tensions mount as Cold War begins with meetings at Yalta and Potsdam. Soviets begin expansionism, reject Marshall Plan. Occupy East Berlin and East Germany, support communist parties and movements in Korea, Vietnam, Laos, China etc. |
|
|
Historians on the Purges |
Figes: Major Soviet historian, estimates 25 mil deaths. People identified w/ regime for survival. McAlvey: hard to determine # deaths bc lack of stats, eyewitness accts. Terror contributes to social mobility, Bolshevism. Stalin doesn't designate any group to hate, everyone is in danger. Great Terror ends in 1939 when Hitler's threat grows and Stalin needs an army. |
