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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the rate at which cells undergo metabolism at rest
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basal metabolic rate
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rate at which heat is produced
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metabolic rate
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how is heat measured
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calories
1 calorie raises temp of 1 kg of water 1 degree C |
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heat + work =
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energy
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work results in the production of ???
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heat
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what are some things in the body that produces heat
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basal metabolism
food intake (SDA) muscular activity hormones |
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what is the primary hormone that effects BMR at rest
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T3 or TSH
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some organs that produce more heat at rest??
During exercise |
liver
heart brain endocrine glands muscle |
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with BMR what is measured
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the rate at which cells are undergoing metabolism
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what is the most important in overall heat production/ metabolic rate
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exercise
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exercise increases metabolic rate by how much
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30-40 times
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Sympathetic stimulation increases metabolism by how much
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2 times normal
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thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate by how much??
how does this take?? |
increases by 2 times normal
takes days to weeks because it is slowly secreted |
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what is the Q10 law
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each time you raise temp of environment by 10 degrees the metabolic rate is raised
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what is SDAFS
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specific dynamic action of food stuffs
take in different types of food that produce different metabolic rate |
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meal high in carbs/fats do what to metabolic rate
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increase it 10-15% for 3-6 hours
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meal high in protein does what to metabolic rate
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increase it 30-60% for 12 hours
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what types of heat loss must a temperature gradient exist for
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radiation
conduction convection |
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what types of heat loss doesnt need a temp gradient to exist
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urine/feces
evaporation |
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infared rays/objects with more heat lose heat to objects with less heat
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radiation
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loosing heat by the air or objects around us
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conduction
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loosing heat by air currents near our bodies
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convection
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where does the greatest heat loss come from
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radiation
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what happens first conduction or convection
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conduction
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how do we loose heat by sweating
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evaporation
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what innervates our sweat glands
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mostly SNS some PSNS
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what type of solution is sweat
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hypotonic because the Na and Cl are reabsorbed
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what causes the amount of Na loss to be diminished
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acclimatization
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how much can a person sweat every hour and expend how many calories
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1 gallon
2000 calories |
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1 ml of evaporated water = to how many calories of heat
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0.56 calories of heat
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if sweat drops off of the skin were any calories expended
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no - only works if the sweat evaporates- sweat glands need humidity gradient to loose heat from the body
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what is the sweat problem in cystic fibrosis
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CFTR channel is missing- cant absorb Cl and sweat glands shut down
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normal body temp
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98.6
37 C |
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lethal levels of temp
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>107
<85 or <94 in uncontrolled conditions |
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where is the heat gain center located
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hypothalamus (posterior part), above the pituitary stalk
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where are our temp receptors located
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peripheral receptors in the skin
CNS receptors in the hypothalamic area |
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what happens when the heat gain center is activated
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vasoconstriction of the blood vessels
increase metabolism- increase TSH= T3/T4 release shivering |
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what activates the heat gain center
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cool blood
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vasoconstriction cuts down heat loss by
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radiation, conduction and convection
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how does pilo-erection work to increase temp
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traps a layer of air around the body for insulation - not important in humans
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where is the heat loss center
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anterior hypothalamus
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what activates the heat loss center
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peripheral receptors or blood flow into hypothalamus
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what happens when heat loss center is activated
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vasodilation of skin vessels- increases radiation, cond, and convection
ACh release at sweat glands- sweating |
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heat loss or heat gain which is SNS adrenergic which is cholinergic
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heat loss - cholinergic
heat gain - adrenergic |
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where is the body's thermostat
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hypothalamus- set point 98.6
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what is an elevation of temp because the body's set point has changed
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fever
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what is an elevation of temperature without a change in set point
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hyperthermia
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what are some exogenous pyrogen
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endotoxins
bacterial cell wall components viral particles |
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how do the pyrogens reset the thermostat
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they cant cross the BBB but are taken up by WBC and digested- causing interleukin-1 to be released which can cross BBB
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what is interleukin 1
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an endogenous pyrogen that can cross BBB and increase hypothalamus set point producing fever
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how does interleukin 1 produce fever once in the hypothalamus
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by inducing the formation of prostaglandin E2
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once the thermostat is reset what happens
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the heat gain center is activated because our temp is below the set point so our body starts to warm up to new set point
(vasoconstriction, shivering, Epi) |
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what happens when we "break" fever
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we get a reset in our set point back to lower temp so our body now trys to cool down to lower temp- heat loss center is activated- (sweating)
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what are some naturally occuring pyretics
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Arginine vasopressin
ACTH try to control fever by feedback |
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what is exogenous anti-pyretic
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ASA- blocks the prostaglandin
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what are heat cramps
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skeletal muscle cramps
salt depletion and fluid loss |
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tx of heat cramps
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cool down
drink salt water solution |
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what is heat syncope
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fainting- skin is cool and moist
vasodilation and hypotension- weak pulse |
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treatment of heat syncope
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rest in recumbent position and give fluids
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what is heat exhaustion
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graded loss of salt and water casued by prolonged hot envir.
thirst, fatigue, oliguria, giddiness, delirious nausea hyperventilatiing(resp acidosis) |
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when will you see cool and moist skin
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heat syncope and heat exhaustion
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when will you see hot dry skin
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heat stroke
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when will you start to see CNS symptoms
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heat exhaustion
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treatment of heat exhaustion
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rest and fluids
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what is heat stroke
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failure of thermoregulatory center (>104)
no sweating just hot and dry |
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treatment of heat stroke
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quick cool down and fluids
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what is an autosomal dominant disorder with uncontrolled skeletal muscle contraction and increased release of calcium
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malignant hyperthermia
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what is the first muscle to contract with MH
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masseter
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when is body loss of heat greater than gained
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hypothermia
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what low temp does body stop working
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< 75
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what can reduce the heat control center activity
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sedation- slows O2 utilization and metabolic activity and decrease blood flow requirements
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