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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type of bond where electrons are share
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covalent
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Type of bond where electrons are gained or lost
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ionic
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Type of bond that is found in DNA
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hydrogen
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Name 3 properties of water
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excellent solvent, high heat capacity, density (ice floats), cohesion, adhesion, surface tension
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Large organic molecules
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macromolecules
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4 classes of macromolecules
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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Simplest kind of carbohydrate
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monosaccharide
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4 examples of polysaccharides
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starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose
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Class of macromolecules that are insoluble in water
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lipids
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Type of lipid that consists of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
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triglyceride
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This type of fatty acid has a single covalent bond between carbons, contains the maximum amount of hydrogens
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saturated fatty acid
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The 5 major functions of proteins
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structural, storage, transport, defense, enzymes
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The building blocks of proteins
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amino acids
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DNA and RNA are examples of this group of macromolecules
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nucleic acids
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These are the purines (double ring bases)
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adenine and guanine
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These are pyrimidines (single ring bases)
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cytosine and thymine
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DNA is double stranded, RNA is __________
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single stranded
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DNA is found in the nucleus, RNA is found in the ______ and _______
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nucleus and cytoplasm
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DNA contains thymine and RNA contains
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uracil
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The chemical reaction that breaks down substances
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catabolism
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The chemical reaction that synthesizes new substances
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anabolism
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Globuler proteins that act as a catalyst
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enzymes
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The substance or substances upon which an enzyme acts
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substrate
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When enzymes lose their ability to act as catalysts, they are said to be
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denatured
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Common source of activation energy
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ATP
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The 4 components of the plasma membrane
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phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, glycocalyx
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The control center of a cell
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nucleus
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This structure surrounds the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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This organelle synthesizes proteins
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ribosomes
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This organelle packages proteins and shipe them to the correct location
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golgi apparatus
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These type of proteins in the plasma membrane increase the passage of water
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aquaporins
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This organelle contains digestive enzymes
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lysosome
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This organelle breaks down substances like hydrogen peroxide
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peroxisomes
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This organelle is the site of aerobic respiration
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mitochondria
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This organelle is the site of photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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These structures allow cell movement
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cilia and flagella
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These structure will form the spindle fibers during mitosis
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centrioles
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Fluid filled, membrane bound organelles that help transport substances into and out of the cell
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vesicles
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This structure is only found in plants, gives support to the plants
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cell wall
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This type of junction is found in animal cells
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tight junctions
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This type of communicating junction is found in plants
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plasmodesmata
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Give 4 characteristics of prokaryotic cells
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No nucleus, DNA not enclosed in a membrane, cell walls are constructed of peptidoglycans instead of cellulose, ribosomes are smaller
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This type of transport requires energy
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active
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Osmosis and diffusion are examples of this type of transport
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passive
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This type of membrane only allows specific substances to pass
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selectively permeable
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Water will move out of a cell in this type of solution
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hypertonic
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Water will move into a cell in this type of solution
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hypotonic
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The movement of water out of a cell that results in the collapse of the plant cell
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plasmolysis
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The movement of solutes against a concentration gradient
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active
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The 3 types of endocytosis
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phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated
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The three steps of aerobic cellular respiration
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glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
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This stage of aerobic respiration can take place with or without oxygen
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glycolysis
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The end of this stage is pyruvate and ATP and NADH
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glycolysis
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The majority of the electron carriers produced in aerobic respiration happen in this step
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citric acid cycle
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The process of making ATP from the NADH and FADH2 happens in this stage
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electron transport chain - called oxidative phosphorylation
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Total ATP yield in aerobic respiration
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36
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These two steps of aerobic respiration happen in the mitochondria
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citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorlylation (electron transport chain)
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Respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen
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aerobic
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Respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen
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anaerobic
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This type of fermentation occurs in plants, fungi and bacteria
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alcoholic
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This type of fermentation occurs in animals
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lactic acid
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Another name for the light reactions of photosynthesis
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photophosphorylation
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The two types of reactions in photosynthesis
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light and dark
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Another name for the dark reactions (light indepedendent) of photosynthesis
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Calvin cycle
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The electron carrier in photosynthesis
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NADPH
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Glucose is made in this phase of photosynthesis
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Calvin cycle
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Water is split during this phase of photosynthesis
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light reactions
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Both reactions of photosynthesis take place in this organelle
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cholorplast
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The mechanism of ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration gradient
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chemiosmosis
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Sugarcane and corn undergo this type of photosynthesis
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C4
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Cacti use this method of photosynthesis
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CAM
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The four stages of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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This means division of the nucleus
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mitosis
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This means division of the cytoplasm
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cytokinesis
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This is the stage of mitosis where homologous chromosomes (sister chromatids) move to opposite poles
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anaphase
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The structure must form in order for plants cells to divide
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cell plate
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The results in a halving of chromosome number
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meiosis
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This is the stage of meiosis where tetrads are plain to see
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prophase I
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This is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes (sister chromatids) are lining up in the middle
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metaphase II
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This is the stage where crossing over takes place
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prophase I
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These are gametes
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eggs and sperm
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The number of chromosomes in gametes
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23
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This type of cell division replaces dead cells
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mitosis
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This type of cell division makes gametes
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meiosis
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These are the stages in the cell cycle
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Interphase (G1, s-phase, G2), mitosis, cytokinesis
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This is the stage of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated
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S-phase of interphase
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Genetic variation in gametes is caused by ______ and ______
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crossing over and independent assortment
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One of several varieties of a gene
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allele
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The trait that is seen
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dominant
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A cross between two traits
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dihybrid cross
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A situation where neither the dominant or recessive trait is expressed. A blend of both is seen
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incomplete dominance
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Occurs when a single gene has more than one phenotypic expression
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pleiotropy
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This type of inheritance occurs in genes that are found on the sex chromsomes
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sex-linked
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The failure of one ore more chromosome pairs to properly separate during meiosis or mitosis
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nondisjunction
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Also called trisomy 21
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Down syndrome
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This type of mutation happens when a single nucleotide in the DNA of a gene is incorrect
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point mutation
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A genome with missing or extra chromosomes
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aneuploidy
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Making a copy of DNA
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DNA replication
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This enzyme unwinds the DNA strand during replication
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helicase
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This enzyme initiates DNA replication at the RNA primers
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primase
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This enzyme attaches RNA primers and begins elongation
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DNA polymerase
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This strand during DNA replication contains Okazaki fragments
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lagging strand
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These are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis
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mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
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This type of RNA carries the DNA instructions from the nucleus to the ribosom
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mRNA
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This type of RNA "reads" the mRNA message to assemble the amino acids of a protein
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tRNA
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The copying of DNA instructions onto mRNA
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transcription
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The reading of the mRNA instructions to assemble a protein
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translation
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The three steps of transcription
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initiation, elongation and termination
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Before mRNA can leave the nucleus, these steps must happen
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5 prime cap added, poly-A-tail added, RNA is spliced
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The three steps of translation
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initiation, elongation and termination
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4 examples of point mutations
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substitution, deletion, insertion, frameshift
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Viruses that attack bacteria
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bacteriophages
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The two cycles of viral replication
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lytic and lysogenic
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Bacteria reproduce this way
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binary fission
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A unit of DNA that controls the transcription of a gene
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operon
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The 4 components of an operon
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promoter, operator, structural genes and regulatory gene
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2 types of operons in E coli
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lac operon and trp operon
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This type of DNA contains DNA from different sources
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recombinant
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These cut DNA at specific recognition sequences
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restriction enzymes
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Name 5 types of evidence that support evolution
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paleontolog, biogeography, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
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Body parts that are similar in different species because they share a common ancestor
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homologous
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Body parts that resemble each other in different species that do not share a common ancestor
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analogous
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A structure or behavior that allows an organism to better survive in its environment
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adaptation
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This type of selection favors the median type
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stabilizing
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This type of selection favors the extreme in one direction
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directional
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This type of selection favors the extremes
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disruptive
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This type of selection is carried out by humans
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artificial
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At genetic equilibrium, there is no evolution. This is better known as this
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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These 5 conditions must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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no natural selection, no mutations, no gene flow, no genetic drift, random mating
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The formation of new species
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speciation
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This type of speciation takes place without a geographic barrier
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sympatric
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This type of speciation takes place when a population is divided by a geographic barrier
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allopatric
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Two or more species that originate from a common ancestor
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divergent evolution
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Two unrelated species that share similar traits
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convergent evolution
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This theory states that eukaryotes originated from a mutually beneficial association among prokaryotes
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endosymbiotic theory
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These organisms can make their own food
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autotrophs
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These organisms must obtain energy by consuming organic substances
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heterotrophs
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The three domains in classification
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Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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These are the 4 kingdoms in Domain Eukarya
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Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
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These organisms have hyphae and mycelia
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fungi
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These organisms have xylem and phloem
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plants
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This group of plants has a gametophyte generation that is dominant
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bryophytes
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These are flowering plants
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angiosperms
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These are vascular plants with the sporophyte generation dominant and produce cones
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gymnosperms
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These are the 5 characteristics that most animals share
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multicellular, heterotrophic, dominant generation is diploid, motile during some part of life cycle, most have development that includes tissue formation
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Spiral cleavage is seen in this group of animals
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protostomes
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Radial cleavage is seen in this group of animals
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deuterostomes
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This animal phylum includes insects and crustaceans
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arthropoda
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This animal phylum includes sponges
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porifera
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This animal phylum includes squid and clams
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mollusca
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This phylum includes animals that have flame cells
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platyhelminthes
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Humans are in this phylum
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chordata
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Chordates have these 4 characteristics
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notochord, doral hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail
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These type of plants have netted leaf venation, vascular bundles organized in a circle and a taproot
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dicots
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3 groups of plant tissue
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ground, dermal, vascular
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These are the openings in leaves that allow for gas exchange
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stomata
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This tissue transports water and minerals in the plant
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xylem
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This tissue transports sugars
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phloem
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This plant hormone promotes plant growth by facilitating elongation of cells by increasing H+ concentration
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auxin
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This gas promotes the ripening of fruit
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ethylene
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A plant's response to light
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phototropism
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Response of plants to changes in photoperiod
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Photoperiodism
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This type of tissue in animals covers outer skin
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epithelial
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Bone and blood are examples of this type of tissue
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connective
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This type of tissue is found in the nervous system
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nervous
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This type of tissue contains actin and myosin
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muscle
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The maintenance of a stable, internal environment
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homeostasis
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Fish use these structures for respiration
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gills
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This type of circulatory system pumps blood into a hemocoel
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open
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The two types of circuits in the circulatory system
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systemic and circulatory
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The absorption and excretion of water and dissolved substances so that proper water balance is maintained
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osmoregulation
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This phylum has flame cells for excretion
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platyhelminthes
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This structures are used for excretion in insects
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malpighian tubules
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Nephridia are used for excretion in this phylum
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annelida
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Starches are broken down into this during digestion
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glucose
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Proteins are broken down into this during digestion
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amino acids
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Fats are broken down into this during digestion
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glycerol and fatty acids
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Nucleic acids are broken down into this during digestion
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nucleic acids
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This hormone is produced in the stomach
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gastrin
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This hormone is produced in the duodenum
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secretin
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The organ where ova are produced
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ovaries
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The organ where sperm are produced
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testes
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The meiotic cell divisions that produce eggs and sperm
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gametogenesis
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These two structures initiate the reproductive cycle
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hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
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Rapid cell divisions during embryonic development
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cleavage
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Three germ layers are associated with this
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gastrulation
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This is empty in placental mammals
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yolk sac
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A gray crescent appears in the embryonic development of this animal
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frog
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A blastodisc and primitive streak are part of the embryonic development of these animals
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birds
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Behavior that is innate or inherited
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instinct
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This type of behavior can only be obtained at a specific time frame (critical period)
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imprinting
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Another name for trial and error learning
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operant conditioning
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This type of animal movement is an undirected change in speed
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kinesis
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This type of animal movement is directed in response to a stimulas
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taxis
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4 types of animal communication
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chemical, visual, auditory, tactile
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This means to find food
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forage
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This type of behavior is aggressive and submissive
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agonistic
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A group of individuals of the same species living in an area
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population
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The maximum number of individuals that can be sustained by a particular habitat
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carrying capacity
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Food, space, sunlight are examples of this type of limiting factor
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density-dependent
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This type of growth is represented on a graph by a J-shaped curve
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exponential
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This type of growth is represented on a graph by a S-shaped curve
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logistic
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This type of species exhibits exponential growth, quick reproduction, production of many offspring, little parental care
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r-selected
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This type of species produces large offspring and require extensive parental care
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K-selected
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This letter represents the size of a population
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N
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This letter represents carrying capacity
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K
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Humans exhibit this type of survivorship curve
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Type I
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The place where an organism usually lives
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habitat
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A relationship in which both species benefit
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mutualism
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A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed
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commensalism
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This type of succession takes place on a substrate that has never previously supported living things
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primary
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Final successional stage of constant species composition
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climax community
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The plants and animals that are the first to colonize an area
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pioneer species
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Another word for primary producers
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autotrophs
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The 5 biogeochemical cycles
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Water (hydrologic), Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
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This type of biome is hot and dry
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desert
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This type of biome is a grassland with scattered trees
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savannah
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Plants that live on other plants
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epiphytes
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These are negative impacts of humans on the biosphere
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climate change, ozone depletion, acid rain, deforestation, pollution, reduction in species diversity
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We live in this type of biome
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temperate deciduous forest
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