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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anatomy?
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Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body.
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What is physiology?
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Physiology is the study of the vital processes, mechanisms, and functions performed by the various systems of the body.
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What is Histology?
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Histology is the study of tissue.
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What is pathology?
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Pathology is the study of structural and functional changes caused by disease.
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What is infection?
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Infection is the result of the invasion of the body by disease-producing microorganisms (pathogens) such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. If microorganisms enter the body in sufficient numbers to multiply and become harmful and are capable of destroying healthy tissue, the body reacts by developing an infection.
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What is inflammation?
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Inflammation is a protective and healing response that happens when tissue is damaged. Blood vessels in the area of the damaged tissue dilate, increasing blood flow to the area; capillary walls become more permeable, allowing large quantities of plasma and white blood cells to enter the tissue space; and leukocytes flood the area to engulf and digest the invading organisms and the damaged tissue debris.
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What is fever a sign of?
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Fever is a warning sign that usually accompanies infectious disease or infected burns and cuts. A disturbance of the body’s heat-regulating system causes an elevated body temperature.
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What is caused by extreme and prolonged fever?
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Extreme and prolonged fever will cause dehydration so fluids must be replaced. Fevers above 106˚ to 108˚F may cause damage to the tissue of the kidneys, liver or other organs or may cause irreparable brain damage, possibly death.
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What is the basic unit of life?
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All living matter consists of various cells – a cell is the basic unit of life.
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Name the 4 principal parts of a cell:
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The four principal parts of a cell are: nucleus, centrosome, cytoplasm and the cell membrane.
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What controls cell reproduction?
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The nucleus and the centrosome control cell reproduction.
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What is mitosis?
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Cell reproduction in human tissue occurs by the process called mitosis (the indirect division of cells).
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What are the two phases of metabolism?
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The two phases of metabolism are catabolism and anabolism.
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What is anabolism?
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Anabolism is the process of building up of larger molecules from smaller ones.
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What is catabolism?
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Catabolism is the process of breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones.
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What are enzymes?
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Enzymes are protein substances that act as organic catalysts to initiate, accelerate, or control specific chemical reactions in the metabolic process, while they themselves remain unchanged.
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All tissues are composed of what?
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All tissues are composed of specialized cells (nerve, muscle, digestive, etc.)
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Name the 5 main categories of tissues
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The five main categories of tissues are: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous and liquid.
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the cell layers that in turn form all the tissues and organs of the body:
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Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
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What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
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The main function of epithelial tissue is to serve as a covering or lining, on the skin, mouth, anal canal, internal organs, etc.
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What is the main function of connective tissue?
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The main function of connective tissue is to bind structures, to create a framework, and provide support.
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What is the main function of areolar tissue?
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The main function of areolar (loose) tissue is to bind the skin to underlying tissues and to fill the space between the muscles.
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What is adipose tissue?
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Adipose tissue is mostly fat.
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What are the three types of cartilage?
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Three types of cartilage are fibrous, hyaline and elastic.
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What is bone tissue made of?
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Bone tissue (osseus) is made of hard mineral salts, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
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What is dentin?
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Dentin is the hard, dense, calcaneous tissue that forms the body of a tooth beneath the enamel.
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There are 3 types of muscle tissue, what are they?
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The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal (striated and voluntary), smooth (non-striated and involuntary) and cardiac (striated and involuntary).
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T or F: Skeletal muscle can NOT be moved with conscious thought (arms, legs)
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FALSE
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What is liquid tissue?
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Liquid tissue is blood and lymph.
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What is the correct anatomical postion?
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The correct anatomical position shows a person standing upright with the palms facing forward.
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What is a sagittal plane?
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The Sagittal plane divides a body or organ into left and right halves. A para-sagittal plane is unequal left and right, a mid-sagittal plane is equal left and right halves.
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What is a frontal plane?
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A frontal (or coronal) plane divides a body or organ into front and back portions. The front portion is called anterior, the back portion is called posterior.
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What is a transverse plane?
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A transverse (or horizontal) plane divides a body or organ into top and bottom portions. The top is called superior (closer to the head); the bottom is called inferior (closer to the feet).
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What are the two main cavities of the human body?
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The human body has two main cavities: Ventral and Dorsal.
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What are the ventral and abdominal cavities?
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The ventral cavity is in the front (anterior) of the body and is subdivided into the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs), abdominal cavity (most internal organs – stomach, liver, spleen, etc.), and the pelvic cavity (internal reproductive organs).
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The diaphragm divides what?
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The diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
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The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial (brain), and the spinal (spinal cord and beginnings of nerves) cavities.
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What are the ten systems of the body?
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The ten important systems of the body (‘C REMINDERS’) are: circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, muscular, integumentary, nervous, digestive, excretory, reproductive and skeletal.
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What are the functions of the skin?
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The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, functions as an organ of secretion and excretion, absorption and respiration. It is the body’s largest organ.
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Two main layers of the skin?
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The two main layers of the skin are the epidermis (means ‘above the dermis’) and the dermis.
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What is keratin and where is it found?
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Keratin can be either hard or soft. Soft keratin is found in the skin; hard keratin is found in the nails and hair.
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What does the color of the skin depend on?
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The color of the skin depends partly on the blood supply, but more on melanin, which is a pigment or coloring, deposited in the deepest layer of the epidermis and the superficial layer of the dermis.
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What is a gland?
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A gland is an organ of either excretion or secretion which takes materials from the blood and forms new substances.
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What are the two major glands in the skin?
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The two major glands in the skin are the sudoriferous gland, which excrete sweat; and the sebaceous glands, which secrete oil.
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What is a pore?
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A pore is a minute opening of the sweat glands on the surface of the skin and is also referred to as a follicle.
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What is a duct?
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A duct is a passage or canal for fluids.
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Appendages of the skin include?
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Appendages of the skin include: hair, nails, oil (sebaceous) and sweat (sudoriferous) glands.
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What is a lesion?
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A lesion is a structural change in tissue caused by injury or disease. Examples of lesions could be:
1. Primary – i.e. blisters (or bulla), pustule (inflammation containing pus), tumor (external swelling), papule (pimple), vesicle (i.e. poison ivy) 2. Secondary – those that develop in later stages of disease, i.e. crust (scab or sore), scale (flakey), fissure (crack), scar, stain (abnormal coloring), ulcer (open lesion with pus), scratch (or excoriation) |
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What is a fissure?
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A fissure is crack in the skin that penetrates into the derma.
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What is the dermis?
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The dermis is the deeper layer of skin that extends to form the subcutaneous tissue.
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What is the epidermis?
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The epidermis is the outermost or superficial layer of the skin.
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What are characteristics of healthy skin?
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Healthy skin is moist, soft, flexible and has a slight acid reaction.
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What is the skeletal system composed of?
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The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage and ligaments.
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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The functions of the skeletal system are: a framework that supports the body and gives it shape; protection for internal organs; attachment points for muscles; gives leverage for movement; manufacturers blood cells; stores minerals.
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What is bone tissue called and what are 2 types?
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Bone tissue is called osseous tissue. Two types are: spongy (lattice-like and full of fat), compact (dense and hard, covers the surface of bones).
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What does the periosteum do?
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The periosteum covers and protects the bone.
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What are names for the ends and a shaft of a long bone?
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The end of a long bone is called the epiphysis. The shaft is called the diaphysis.
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What is the metaphysis and the epiphyseal line?
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The metaphysis is where the diaphysis and the epiphisis meet and where bone growth occurs. The epiphysial line replaces the epiphyseal plate when bone growth is complete.
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What are the 5 classifications of bones?
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long bones, short bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones, irregular bones
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Where is yellow and red bone marrow found?
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Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the long bones. Red bone marrow is located in the ends (epiphysis) of long bones and in flat bones.
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What are the two parts of the skeleton?
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The two parts of the skeleton are the: axial skeleton (head, vertebrae, ribs, pelvis), and the appendicular skeleton (arms, legs)
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What type of cartilage cushions bones at the joints?
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Articular cartilage cushions bones at the joints.
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Hoe are bones connected to other bones?
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Bones are jointed to bones by ligaments.
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How are joints lubricated?
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Joints are lubricated by synovial fluid.
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How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
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There are approximately 206 bones in the adult human skeleton.
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Name and give an example of the 5 main movable types of joints.
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The five main movable types of joints include:
a. pivot joints – i.e. neck b. hinge joints – i.e. elbow, knees, two distal joints in the fingers c. ball and socket joints – i.e. hips and shoulders d. gliding joints – i.e. spine and hand e. saddle joints – i.e. wrist, thumb and ankle |
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What is a fracture?
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A fracture is a break or rupture on a bone.
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What is a sprain?
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A sprain is an injury to a joint that results in the stretching or tearing of the ligaments.
- Class I Sprain – stretch in the ligament, some discomfort, minimal loss of function - Class II Sprain – ligament is torn with some loss of function - Class III Sprain – ligament is torn, internal bleeding and severe loss of function |
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What is arthritis?
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Arthritis is an inflammatory condition of the joints with pain and changes in the bone structure. The two most common types are: rheumatoid and osteoarthritis.
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What is osteoporosis?
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Osteoporosis is a condition where minerals are drawn out of the bones, leaving them brittle and weak. Heavy massage strokes or forceful joint movements should not be used.
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What are the 3 abnormal curves of the spine?
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Three abnormal curves of the spine are:
- Kyphosis – an exaggerated convex curve associated with the thoracic vertebrae - Lordosis – an exaggerated concave curve associated with the lumbar vertebrae - Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curve of the spine |
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What are muscles?
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Muscles are contractile fibrous tissue that produces various movements in the body.
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How many muscles are in the human body
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There are over 600 named muscles in the human body.
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Where is voluntary muscle found?
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Voluntary (striated) muscle is found in the muscles that attach to the skeleton.
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Where is involuntary muscle found?
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Involuntary (non-striated) muscle is found in the hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder and blood vessels.
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Where is cardiac muscle found? Is it voluntary?
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Cardiac (striated heart muscle) is found only in the heart and is involuntary.
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What is the difference in voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles?
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Voluntary muscles can be controlled by the will; involuntary muscles are not controlled by the will and receive nerve stimulation from the autonomic nervous system.
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What are the 3 characteristics that enable muscles to produce movement?
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The characteristics that enable muscles to produce movement are irritability, contractility and elasticity.
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What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?
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The functional unit of skeletal muscle is the muscle cell or muscle fiber.
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What are muscles attached to?
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Muscles are attached to bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin and sometimes to each other.
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What is the origin of a muscle?
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Origin of a muscle refers to the more fixed attachments.
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What is the insertion of a muscle?
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Insertion of a muscle refers to the attachments that perform the action, or the more distal and moveable attachment.
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What does tendon do?
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Tendon or sinew attaches muscles to bone.
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What is fascia?
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Fascia is a delicate membrane of connective tissue covering muscles and separating their layers or groups of layers.
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What are the three layers of connective tissue?
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The three layers of connective muscle are:
- the epiysium that covers the muscle - the perimysium that separates the muscle bundles - the endomysium that surrounds each muscle cell |
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What is a motor unit?
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A motor unit is all of the muscle fibers that are controlled by a single motor neuron.
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How do muscles receive energy?
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Muscles receive energy from breaking down adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) into adenosine diphosphatase (ADP).
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What is oxygen debt?
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Oxygen debt results from the muscles expending energy faster then the body can supply oxygen needed to produce the energy. When oxygen debt becomes extreme, the muscles will stop functioning in a condition known as muscle fatigue.
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What is muscle tone?
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A muscle is tone if it is firm and responds readily to stimulation. A muscle is flabby if it lacks tone.
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What is extensibility?
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Extensibility is the ability of muscle fibers to lengthen and stretch.
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What is an isometric muscle contraction?
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An isometric muscle contraction is a static contraction, wherein the distance between the ends of the muscle does not change so there is no movement.
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What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
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An isotonic muscle contraction, the distance between the ends of the muscle changes and there is movement.
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What is the difference in a concentric contraction and an eccentric contraction?
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In a concentric contraction, the ends of the contracting muscle is coming closer. In an eccentric contraction , the ends of the contracting muscle are moving further apart.
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What is another name for a prime mover and what does it do?
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Prime mover and agonist both refer to the primary muscle that is responsible for a specific movement. When flexing the elbow, the bicep is the prime mover or agonist.
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What is the antagonist during flexion of the elbow?
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When flexing the elbow, the triceps is the antagonist.
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Name the 5 main actions of joints:
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flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation.
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Name the 3 grades of muscle strain.
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There are three degrees or grades of muscle strain:
- Grade I is over stretching with minimal tearing of muscle fibers - Grade II is a partial tear between 10-50% of the muscle fibers - Grade III is the most sever injury between 50-100% of muscle tearing |
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What is atrophy?
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Atrophy is a degenerative process of muscle due to disuse. The muscle fiber reduces in size, blood supply is reduced and the muscle weakens.
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What are the main parts of the circulatory system?
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The heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries), lymph vessels and the fluid that circulate through them are the main parts of the circulatory system.
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Name the 2 divisions of the circulatory system.
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The two divisions of the circulatory system are the blood-vascular system and the lymph-vascular system.
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What does the heart do?
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The heart is an efficient pump that keeps the blood moving in a steady stream through a closed system of blood vessels.
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What is the pericardium?
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The pericardium is a protective sac surrounding and supporting the heart in a position and at the same time allowed to move without friction as it pulsates.
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Name the 4 chambers of the heart.
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The chambers of the heart are: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle.
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What regulates the heartbeat?
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Two sets of nerves, the vagus and sympathetic nerves, regulate the heartbeat.
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What do arteries do?
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The arteries carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries.
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What is an arteriole?
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An arteriole is the microscopic final division of the arteries before the capillaries.
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What are capillaries?
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The capillaries connect the smaller arteries with the veins. The permeable walls of the capillaries allow a two-way diffusion of substances between the blood and the tissue fluid, thereby bringing nourishment to the cells and removing waste products.
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What do veins do?
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The veins carry blood from the various capillaries back toward the heart; veins of general circulation carry waste-laden, oxygen-poor blood from the body while pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
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What is a venule?
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A venule is the smallest vessel of the venous system that collects blood from the capillaries.
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What is the purpose of the venous pump?
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The purpose of the venous pump is to assist in moving blood through the veins and toward the heart.
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What is the main artery?
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The main artery is the aorta.
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Blood consists of: (4)
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The blood consists of: plasma, red corpuscles, white corpuscles and platelets.
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The primary function of white blood cells is:
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The primary function of white blood cells is to protect the body against disease by fighting different infectious and toxic agents that may invade the body.
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What does blood carry to the cells?
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Blood carries water, oxygen, food and secretions to the cells.
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What does blood protect the body against? (3)
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The blood protects the body against extreme heat and cold, harmful bacterial and the excessive loss of blood by forming a clot.
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What is the normal blood temp?
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Normal blood temperature is 98.6˚F of 37˚C.
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What doe the lymph system include?
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The lymph system includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph ducts, lymph nodes, glands and lacteals. The tonsils, spleen and thymus gland are also considered part of the lymph system.
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What is the function of the lymph system?
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The function of the lymph system is to collect excess tissue fluid, invading microorganisms, damaged cells, and protein molecules. It also produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell that is important to the immune system.
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What do the lymph nodes do?
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The lymph nodes filter harmful bacteria and toxic waste matter from the body.
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Where are lymph nodes found? (7)
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Lymph nodes are found: back of the head, around the neck muscles, under the arm, under the pectoral muscles, along the abdomen and pelvis, back of the knees and the groin. Lymph nodes are mostly situated in the left side of the human body.
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What is lymph made of?
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Lymph is made from interstitial cellular fluid.
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What is the primary function of the nervous system?
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The primary function of the nervous system is to collect a multitude of sensory information, process, interpret, and use that information and initiate appropriate responses throughout the body.
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What is a synapse?
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A synapse is the junction between two nerve cells where a nerve impulse is transmitted from one nerve cell to another.
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An efferent nerve is composed of what?
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An efferent nerve (or motor nerve) is composed of motor neurons.
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An afferent nerve is composed of what?
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An afferent nerve (or sensory nerve) is composed of sensory neurons.
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What is a mixed nerve?
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A mixed nerve is composed of both sensory and motor nerves. Most nerves in the body are mixed nerves.
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Name the divisions of the central nervous system: (2)
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Two divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system).
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What does the central nervous system include?
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The central nervous system consists of the brain, located in the cranium, and the spinal cord, located in the vertebral canal of the spine.
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What is cerebrospinal fluid?
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Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid made of blood and secreted into the inner cavities of the brain which carries some nutrients to the nerve tissue and carries wastes away, however, it’s main function is to protect the CNS by acting as a shock absorber for the delicate tissue.
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What are the main parts of the brain? (3)
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The main parts of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem consisting of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.
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How many pair of cranial nerves are there?
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There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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There are thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves.
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What is a nerve plexus?
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A nerve plexus is a network or gathering of nerves located outside of the CNS.
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What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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The parasympathetic and sympathetic are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
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What is the primary activity of the sympathetic system?
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The activity of the sympathetic system is primarily to prepare the organism for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations.
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Involuntary muscles are supplied by what?
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The involuntary muscles (heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, blood vessels, etc.) are supplied by the sympathetic nervous system.
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What is reflex action?
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Reflex action is the involuntary response of a muscle to a stimulus.
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What are sebaceous glands?
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Sebaceous glands are duct glands that provide sebum (oil) to lubricate the skin and hair.
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What is the diaphragm?
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The diaphragm is an umbrella-shaped muscle which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is used for breathing.
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What does the alimentary canal consist of?
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The alimentary canal consists of: the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.
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Name atleast 2 accessory organs to the digestive system.
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The accessory organs include: the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder.
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What is absorption?
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Absorption is the process by which the digested nutrients are transferred from the intestines to the blood or lymph vessels so that they can be transported to the cells.
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What does the physical process of digestion involve?
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The physical process of digestion involves the teeth, which tear and grind the food, and the action of the muscles, which churn and mix the food as well as push it through the digestive tract.
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The act of chewing is called?
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The act of chewing is called mastication.
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What is the alimentary canal? (length, starts and ends where, name the layers)
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The alimentary canal is a muscular tube about thirty feet in length that extends from the mouth to the anus. It is made up of four layers: the mucosa, the submucosa, the smooth muscular, and the serous muscular layer.
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Where is food completely digested?
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Food is completely digested in the small intestine.
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What is hepatitis?
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Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver usually due to viral infection. Massage is contraindicated for acute hepatitis; for chronic hepatitis, it depends on the general health of the client – physician’s release is indicated.
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The excretory system includes: (5)
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The organs that make up the excretory system are: lungs, kidneys, skin, liver, large intestines.
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What does the excretory system do?
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The excretory system eliminates metabolic waste and undigested foods from the body.
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What is included in the urinary system? (4)
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The urinary system includes: two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and urethra.
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What does the liver secrete?
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The liver secretes bile.
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What is the main excretory function of the liver?
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The main excretory function of the liver is the production of urea, which is returned to the blood to be excreted by the kidneys. The liver also excretes bile into the small intestines.
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What is a gonad?
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A gonad is a sex gland – the ovary in the female and the testes in the male.
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What is a zygote?
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A zygote is the fertilized ovum, the cell formed by the union of a sperm with the ovum (egg).
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The male reproductive system includes: (5)
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The male reproductive system includes: two vas deferens, two seminal vesicles, a prostate gland, the bulbourethral gland and the penis.
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The female reproductive system includes: (5)
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The female reproductive system includes: two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, a uterus, a vagina and the vulva or external genitalia.
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What is ovulation?
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Ovulation is the discharge a of mature egg cell from the follicle of the ovary.
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How long does pregnancy last?
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Pregnancy lasts approximately forty weeks or 280 days.
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What is impetigo?
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Impetigo is a bacterial infection of the skin. Until the lesions have completely healed, massage is systemically contraindicated.
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What are lice and mites?
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Lice and mites are arthropods that drink blood. They are highly contagious and spread through close contact with skin or infested sheets or clothing.
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What are warts?
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Warts are neoplasms that arise from keratinocytes in the epidermis; they are caused by extremely slow-acting viruses. Massage is locally contraindicated.
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What is acne?
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Acne is a bacterial infection of the sebaceous (oil) glands usually found on the face, neck and upper back.
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What is dermatitis?
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Dermatitis is an umbrella term for inflammation of the skin.
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What are hives?
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Hives are an inflammatory skin reaction to an allergen or emotional stressor.
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How does massage benefit the development of the muscular system?
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Massage benefits the development of the muscular system by way of stimulation of its circulation, nerve supply and cell activity. Massage is also an effective way of relaxing tense muscles and releasing muscle spasms. Muscle tissue that has suffered injury heals more quickly with less connective tissue buildup and scarring when therapeutic massage is applied regularly.
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How does massage relieve stiff, sore muscles?
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Massage relieves stiff, sore muscles by improving circulation of the blood through the body part. It helps the removal of waste products and supplies the cells with oxygen and nourishment.
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What types of massage movements prevent the formation of adhesions and fibrosis in muscles?
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Cross-fiber friction and compression movements prevent the formation of adhesions and fibrosis in muscles.
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How does increased blood circulation affect the skin?
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Increased blood circulation is an immediate effect of massage on the skin. Increased blood circulation nourishes the skin, improves tone, and helps to normalize the functioning of sebaceous (oil) glands.
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Does massage stimulate or soothe the nervous system?
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The nervous system can be stimulated or soothed, depending upon the type of massage applied.
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What types of massage movements effect the nervous system?
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Friction, vibration, and light tapotement can have a stimulating effect on the nervous system.
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What types of massage strokes can have a sedative effect on the nervous system?
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Gentle effleurage, light friction and Petrissage can have a sedative effect on the nervous system.
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Why are massage strokes performed centripetally?
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Massage movements are directed toward the heart to facilitate the flow of blood and lymph back toward the heart.
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What does contraindication mean?
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Contraindications in massage means that massage is not advisable as the treatment would not be beneficial or may be dangerous.
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Why is a client's medical history important to know prior to massage?
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A client’s medical history contains information to determine potential indications or contraindications for massage.
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In what case should the therapist refer the client to a doctor?
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The therapist should refer the client to an appropriate health professional when contraindications are present.
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What are the signs of inflammation? (5)
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Signs of inflammation are: heat, swelling, pain, redness, limited range of motion.
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What is a hematoma?
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A hematoma (bruise) is a mass of blood trapped in tissue or a cavity of the body and is a result of internal bleeding.
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How does massage benefit a woman during a normal and healthy pregnancy?
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By promoting relaxation, soothing nerves, relieving strained back and legs, instilling a sense of well-being, improving circulation, lessening water retention.
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How does massage benefit the critically ill?
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Massage benefits for the critically ill are: control of discomfort and pain, improved mobility, reduced disorientation and confusion by bring the client back to a better sense of body awareness, reduced isolation and fear, eases emotional and physical discomfort, instills a sense of caring and acceptance.
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What types of body fluid transmit the virus that causes AIDS?
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semen, blood, vaginal secretions, breast milk
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What are endangerment sites?
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Certain areas of the body that need consideration while being massaged because of the underlying anatomical structure and the possibility of injury to the structure by massage strokes (i.e. kidneys, abdomen, eyes, etc.).
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What should the massage therapist practice rules of sanitation?
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The massage therapist should practice rules of sanitation because the practitioner is responsible for ensuring the client’s and practitioner’s health is protected.
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What is knowledge of bacteria important to the therapit?
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Knowledge of bacteria is needed by the therapist in order to understand and prevent the spread of disease.
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What is the difference in pathogenic bacteria and non pathogenic bacteria?
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Pathogenic bacteria are harmful, and disease causing. Nonpathogenic bacteria are not harmful, and are sometimes helpful.
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What is the main purpose of the body’s production of antibodies
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To inhibit or destroy harmful pathogenic bacteria.
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The best prevention against the spread of harmful bacteria and disease is strict sanitation is?
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specifically proper hand-washing.
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The best method of keeping hands and nails clean?
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The best method for keeping hands and nails clean is to: scrub them with a brush in warm, soapy water; rinse with clean water; pat them dry with a clean paper towel.
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Alcohol gel kills how may germs?
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Alcohol gel kills 99.9% of all germs.
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What is a suitable strength for creosol and lysol concentrations?
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Suitable strengths for Creosol and Lysol used to clean floors, skinks and restrooms are 5-10%.
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What concentration of bleach should be used when washing linens?
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All linens should be washed with detergent and a 10% bleach solution, then dried in a hot dryer.
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What is sterilization?
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Sterilization is the procedure for making an object germ free by destroying bacteria, both harmful and harmless.
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What is massage?
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Massage is the manual (use of hands) or mechanical (use of equipment) manipulation of a body part by rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, pounding and like movements for the purpose of improving circulation of the blood, relaxation of muscles and other benefits to body systems.
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Who is Hippocrates?
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Hippocrates, the Greek physician, became known as the father of medicine and originator of the Hippocratic oath, which is still used as the ethical guide to medical professions. You can find the entire oath in most modern dictionaries.
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Why were the Middle Ages called the Dark Ages?
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The Middle Ages were called the Dark ages because the arts and sciences were allowed to deteriorate, leading to the decline of learning.
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How was massage practiced during the Dark Ages?
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During the Dark Ages, massage was practiced mostly ‘underground’. People were fearful of placing importance on their own bodies due to religious superstition.
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Who was responsible for bringing massage to the US and when?
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In 1858, brothers Charles Fayette Taylor and George Henry Taylor started an orthopedic practice in NY, specializing in Swedish movement.
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Why was therapeutic massage increased during WWI and II?
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Because there were more diseases and injuries during wartime. Physicians employed therapeutic massage and exercise more often. The good results led to a wider acceptance of massage and exercise as healing aids.
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The 5 technique categories of Swedish Massage are:
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effleurage, petrissage, tapotement (percussion), friction, and vibration.
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Why is the consultation form important?
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The consultation (or client intake form) is important to obtain certain information regarding the client’s conditions and to determine the most effective treatments.
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Why are accurate records important?
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Accurate records are important to both the practitioner and client because special information may be needed for reference. Well-kept records also help the practitioner to determine and render the most effective treatments.
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Information that is often found in a client file includes:
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name, address, phone number, medical information and history, treatment plans, recorded notes, and financial billing information.
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In which direction is massage generally applied?
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Swedish massage is generally applied in a centripetal direction, toward the heart.
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Can massage be administered in the direction away from the heart?
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Massage strokes applied centrifugally, or away from the heart, should be light enough that they do not affect fluid flow.
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How is touch effective?
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Touch is effective in the reduction of pain, lowering of blood pressure, control of nervous irritability, or reassurance for a nervous, tense client.
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What effect do deep gliding strokes have?
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Deep gliding strokes have a stretching and broadening effect on muscle tissue and fascia. It also enhances and stimulates the venous and lymphatic flow.
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How are petrissage movements applied?
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Petrissage movements are applied by grasping muscular tissue with one or both hands, then squeezing, rolling or pinching with a firm pressure.
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How is cross fiber friction applied?
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Cross fiber friction uses short, deep strokes transverse (cross-way) to the direction of the muscle, tendon, or ligament fibers. The fingers do NOT move over the skin but move the skin and across the targeted deeper tissue.
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How are tapotement movemens applied?
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Tapotement (or percussion) movements are applied with quick striking movements performed with both hands simultaneously or alternately.
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Tapotement movements include:
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slapping, beating, hacking, cupping, tapping, quacking and diffused.
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Two types of joint movements are
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active joint movements and passive joint movements.
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What is range of motion?
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Range of motion is the movement of a joint from one extreme of the articulation to the other
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What are body mechanics?
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Body mechanics is placing your body in good, safe positions in order to deliver fluid, controlled strokes during massage.
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Why use good body mechanics?
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Using good body mechanics increases the strength and power available in a movement while at the same time reducing the risk of potential injury to the therapist.
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Three common methods of draping are:
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1. diaper draping, which uses a folded towel to cover private areas;
2. top cover method, which uses a bottom sheet and a separate top sheet or towel to cover the client 3. full sheet draping, which uses a double sized sheet to cover both the table and wrap the client |
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Besides draping, how can the therapist ensure the client's warmth?
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the therapist can ensure the client’s warmth by keeping the room at a comfortable temperature or using and electric mattress pad or supplying blankets.
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What are some undesirable effects following a massage?
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headache, upset stomach, nausea, feelings of the onset of a cold. Such reactions are due to an increase in the metabolic waste material in the circulatory system. This waste material puts an extra burden on the excretory system. If this waste is not flushed out of the system, it will be reabsorbed into the tissues.
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How does the client keep their system flushed following a massage?
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The client should drink plenty of water to keep the system flushed following a massage.
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