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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Triglycerides are mainly stored in ___ cells When needed for energy, triglycerides are broken down to FA and glycerol. Why is this? |
Adipocyte They are too large to pass through the plasma membrane, hence the need to be broken down. |
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The catabolism of triglycerides into glycerol and FA molecules is called ___. This breakdown occurs in primarily in 5 main scenarios. Name them |
Lipolysis Resting, Low to moderate exercise, Performing prolonged exercise, Low caloric dieting, Cold stress |
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Fatty acids once exiting the cell combine with blood protein X to enable transport around the body. This X-fatty acid combination is called ___ |
X = Albumin Free fatty acid |
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Lipids supply ___ of the energy for physical activity depending on 3 factors. What are those 3 factors |
10-80% Nutritional status and fitness, Exercise intensity and duration |
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The major energy source during rest and light-mod prolonged exercise when no CHO feeding occurs is |
Free fatty acids |
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Why is fat not a major fuel during high intensity exercise? |
The process of mobilising and oxidising fats is time-consuming and hence, too slow to be an adequate fuel source during this type of exercise |
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When glycogen stores become depleted near the end of prolonged exercise, lipids supply nearly ___ of the total energy required |
80% |
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The slow process of fat oxidation is mostly likely due to: |
FA mobilisation from adipose tissue FFA transport to skeletal muscle via circulation FFA uptake by the muscle cell FFA transport into the mitochondria FFA oxidation within the mitochondria |
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Detail energy expenditure by lipids in prolonged exercise in untrained and trained (aerobic training) individuals |
Untrained: 50% due to lipids Trained: 60+% due to lipids |
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At rest, what are the contributions of fat and CHO to energy expenditure in untrained individuals? How does engaging in aerobic training influence these values? |
CHO = 40% and Fats = 60% Aerobic training improves fat liberation efficiency and quickness, increasing fat oxidation/use at rest |
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Improved fat oxidation by the body is possibly due to the following 5 mechanisms: |
Increased rate of lipolysis within adipocytes Increased no. of capillaries in trained muscle Increased size and no. of mitochondria Increased rate of enzymatic activity that assists in the oxidation of lipids Improved transport of FFAs through the muscle cell plasma membrane |
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Contrast the relationship of exercise intensity with relative and absolute levels of CHO and fat use |
With rising exercise intensity, relative CHO use increases and relative fat use decreases With rising exercise intensity, absolute CHO use increases and absolute fat use remains the same |
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During rest and light exercise, fat provides ___ of energy in trained individuals |
80% |
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Average sized adult contains ___ kg of protein, with the largest quantity (6-8 kg) located within skeletal muscle. Excess protein are stored in the body like fat and CHO. True/False? |
12 kg False. There are no protein reserves in the body |
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What atoms form protein? |
C, H, O, N and in some cases S, P, Co, Fe |
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Detail the structure of a protein |
Has a positively charged amine group (NH2) and negatively charged carboxylic acid group attached to a central carbon. The central carbon has a branched H and R group |
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How are amino acids joined together and what’s the process called? |
Joined via attaching the carboxylic group of one amino acid to the amine group of another amino acid. Process is called condensation |
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Detail the the type of bonds present in proteins |
Peptide bonds: Between two amino groups Dipeptide bonds: Linking of two amino acids Tripeptide bonds: Linking of three amino acids Polypeptide bonds: Linking of many amino acids |
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How amino acids are required by the body? What are essential amino acids and how many are they? |
20 Essential amino acids are the ones that cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from food. They are 8 in number |
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List some sources of essential amino acids |
Eggs, milk, meat, fish, poultry, plants |
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What is a complete protein? What are some examples and what is the one with a protein quality rating of 100/100 |
One that contains all the essential AAs in the right quantity and ratio to maintain N balance and for tissue growth and repair Examples include eggs, milk, meat, fish, poultry Eggs |
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Protein should constitute ___ of total daily caloric intake What is the RDI of protein on average, for athletes who train intensely and infants + growing children |
10-15% Average: 0.83g of protein per kg of body mass Athletes: 1.2-1.8g of protein per kg of body mass Infants and Growing Children: 2-4g of protein per kg of of body mass |
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___ RDI of protein does not enhance work capacity Eating high protein foods singularly increases muscle mass. True/False? |
3x False. Need to exercise as well |
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What happens to excess protein in the body? What are the consequences? |
It is converted to glucose or fat. However, this places a strain on liver and kidney function. |
