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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology
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the study of people and their ways of life
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Archaeology
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the study of the physical and cultural characteristics of peoples and societies that existed prior to recorded history
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Counterculture
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a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture
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Cultural anthropology
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the study of the ways of life of both ancient and modern peoples
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Cultural relativism
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not judging a culture, but trying to understand it on its own terms
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Culture
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the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
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Economics
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the study of the production and distribution of scarce goods and services
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Generalization
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a statement that goes beyond the individual case and it applied to a broader group or situation
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Globalization
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he growing interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
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History
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the recording, narrating, and interpreting of human experience
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Ideology
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an integrated system of ideas that rationalizes and justifies the exercise of power in society
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Interdisciplinary
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the study of a topic using ideas, methods, and data from all of the social sciences
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Interdisciplinary study
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the use of theory, methods, and findings from more than one social science
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Patterns
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recurring characteristics or events
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Political science
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the study of government and politics
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Positivism
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the application of the scientific approach to the social world
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Psychology
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the study of the behavior of people and animals
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Science
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the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge obtained by those methods
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Social science
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the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations
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Society
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a group of people who depend on one another and share a common culture
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Sociology
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the scientific study of society and human behavior
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Theory
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a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
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Bourgeoisie
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Marx’s term for capitalists, those who own the means of production
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Class Conflict
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Marx’s term for the struggle between capitalists and workers
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Conflict Theory
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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
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Culture
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all the common patterns and ways of living that characterize society
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Cultural generalizations
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descriptions of commonly shared values, beliefs, and behaviors
in a society |
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Cultural leveling
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the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which U.S. culture is being exported and diffused into other nations.
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Cultural relativity
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suspending judgment of other societies’ customs, practices, and institutions
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Elite and masses
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the few who have power and the many who do not
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Ethnocentrism
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judging other cultures solely in relation to one’s own culture
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Folkways
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trivial norms that guide actions
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Functionalism (functional analysis)
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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium.
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Generalization
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a statement that goes beyond the individual case and it applied to a broader group or situation
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Globalization of capitalism
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capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe’s dominant economic system
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Idealism
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a perspective in anthropology that focuses on the importance of ideas in determining culture
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Ideology
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an integrated system of ideas that rationalizes and justifies the exercise of power in society
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Material culture
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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing and jewelry
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Non-material culture
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(also called symbolic culture) a group’s way of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)
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Norms
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expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values
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Positivism
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the application of the scientific approach to the social world
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Positive sanction
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a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.
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Negative sanction
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an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution
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Social Interaction
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what people do when they are in one another’s presence
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Social Integration
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the degree to which members of a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion
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Social stratification
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the classification and ranking of members of a society
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Society
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a group of people who depend on one another and share a common culture
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Negative sanction
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an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution
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Sociology
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the scientific study of society and human behavior
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Social Interaction
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what people do when they are in one another’s presence
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Subculture
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the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world.
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Social Integration
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the degree to which members of a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion
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Subjective meanings
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the meanings that people give their own behavior
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Social stratification
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the classification and ranking of members of a society
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Symbols
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anything that communicates meaning, including language, art, and music
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Society
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a group of people who depend on one another and share a common culture
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Symbolic Interactionism
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a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
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Sociology
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the scientific study of society and human behavior
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Subculture
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the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world.
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Subjective meanings
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the meanings that people give their own behavior
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Symbols
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anything that communicates meaning, including language, art, and music
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Symbolic Interactionism
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a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
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Theory
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a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
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Values
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shared ideas about what is good and desirable
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Authority
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power that is exercised legitimately
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Communism
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A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people.
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Democratic socialism
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replacing capitalism through democratic processes
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Economic determinism
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the nature of the economy determines the social structure
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Elite and masses
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the few who have power and the many who do not
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Equality of opportunity but not absolute equality
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the idea that individuals must not be confronted with artificial barriers to advancement, but that inequalities may arise from differences in individual initiative, talent, skill, merit, and hard work
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Fascism
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an ideology that asserts the supremacy of the nation or race over the individual
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Idealism
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a perspective in anthropology that focuses on the importance of ideas in determining culture
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Ideology
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an integrated system of ideas or beliefs that rationalizes and justifies the exercise of power, influencing how power is exercised
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Inalienable rights
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rights not granted by government but belonging to individuals by virtue of their natural human condition
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Laissez-faire
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-“hands off,” or a limited role of the government in economic activity
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Legitimacy
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belief that the exercise of power is right and proper
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Limited government
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the idea that government cannot violate the rights that it was established to protect; government power over the individual is limited
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Modern liberalism
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governmental power is seen as a positive force in protecting the individual
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Multiculturalism
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acknowledging, protecting, and promoting multiple cultures and subcultures
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Nation
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a society that sees itself as one people with a common culture, history, institutions, ideology, language, and territory
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Nationalization
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government seizure of industries from private owners
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Natural law
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the law that governs human conduct and grants individual rights; it exists before government or constitutions
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Political system
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the organization and distribution of power in society
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Power
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the capacity to affect the conduct of others through the real or threatened use of rewards and punishments
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Rational-legal authority
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legitimacy conferred by rules that are agreed on by both leaders and followers
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Social contract
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the idea that government arises from an implied contract among people as a means of protecting their rights
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Socialism
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an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.
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State
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a permanent, centralized organization with a defined territory and recognized authority to make and enforce rules
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Totalitarianism
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all sectors of a society - education, labor, art, science for example - are incorporated in the state and serve the purposes of the state
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Liberal Democracies
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These regimes are marked by multiparty elections, competitive parties, separation of powers, and guarantees of the rights of minorities and individuals. Examples are the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Brazil and Japan
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Emergent Democracies
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These have constitutions that specify all or most of the institutions and processes of fully establishing democratic processes caused by one-party dominance, insurgencies, corruption, and so forth. They are often viewed as “liberal democracies on trial.” Examples are Chile, Ivory Coast, Mali, Haiti, Morocco, Tunisia, and the Philippines.
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Communist regimes
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These are run by a “revolutionary dictatorship” and a single communist party that in principle is serving the interests of the working class. There are very limited guarantees of individual or minority rights. Political command over economic institutions is widespread but subject to market experimentation. China, North Korea, and Cuba are examples of existing communist regimes.
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Nationalistic socialist regimes
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These are similar to communist regimes, with a single socialist party; however, they are more inclined to promote the interests of one national group over others and to allow private commerce. There is little or no protection of individual or minority rights. Examples are Iraq, Libya, Tanzania, and Syria.
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Authoritarian nationalist regimes
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The extreme nationalism of these regimes leads to intolerance and the exclusion of other races and creeds, often in the most brutal or genocidal fashion as in Nazi Germany or contemporary Zimbabwe
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Military regimes
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These are ruled by a military elite or junta, usually with extremely limited protection of citizens’ rights and no free elections. Current examples are Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Myanmar, although many emergent democracies and liberal democracies are plagued by problems of civilian control over the military.
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Islamic nationalist regime
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These are ruled by nationalistic political regimes devoted to fundamentalist Islam. Afghanistan under the Taliban and Iran are examples of this type of regime.
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Absolute regimes
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These are usually ruled by an absolute monarch who passes power to successors through a hereditary line. Constitutional forms of government, popular assemblies, judiciary rules that counter the executive power, and political parties are banned. Sultanates, emirates, and traditional monarchies such as Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Swaziland are examples of this type of regime.
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Capitalism
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an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, market competition, and the pursuit of profits.
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Convergence Theory
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the view that as capitalist and socialist economic systems each adopt features of the other, a hybrid (or mixed) economic system will emerge
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Democratic socialism
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a hybrid economic system in which capitalism is mixed with state ownership
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Multinational corporations
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companies that operate across national boundaries; also called transnational corporations
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Laissez-faire capitalism
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unrestrained manufacture and trade (literally “hands off” capitalism)
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Welfare (or state) capitalism
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an economic system in which individuals own the means of production but the state regulates many economic activities for the welfare of the population
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Socialism
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an economic system characterized by the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive
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PROs of globalization
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lower prices of goods and services
economic growth increase in customer income creates jobs |
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CONs of globalization
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Destroys manufacturing jobs in wealthy nations.
Wage rates of unskilled in advanced countries decline. Companies move to countries with fewer labor and environment regulations. Loss of sovereignty Homogenized cultures |
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Positive effects of globalization on culture and community
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Increased cultural exposure and understanding.
Closer cross-border ties |
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Negative effects of globalization on culture and community
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More mobility disrupts social life, in remote or rural communities.
Disintegration of local communities. Cultural homogenization and monoculture/reduced cultural diversity. |
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Culture effects of globalization
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Countries linked through trade and culture.
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Pop Culture effects of globalization
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Globalization leads to chnages in pop culture.
Culture traits: foods, sports, music, common within group of people. |
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Spread of traits due to globalization
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Leads to cultural diffusion- spread traits from one region to another.
Work, travel, permanent moves all play a part. |
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Mass Media effects due to globalization
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Television, movies, music are the most powerful methods of cultural diffusion.
Satellite news and internet are ways of exchanging images and ideas. |
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Faces of globalization
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Could involve all these things:
Accountability Terrorism Shrinking world Technology/Internet Free Trade Culture Capitalism Monopoly of power Environment Integration of economics Equality/Inequality Communication Recognition Trade vs. Aid Outsourcing Brands Exploitation Growth Poverty |
