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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chekhov’s “The Peasants”
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Written to portray life of the emancipated serfs, shows how they were actually worse off after being free - redemption payments and the commune system all aided in angering the peasants
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Russia’s main geographic features
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Huge and vast, very nicely developed river system, severe climate
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Emancipation Edict /Great Reforms of 1861
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Serfs were emancipated in 1861Emancipation, Edict of, 1861, the mechanism by which Czar Alexander II freed all Russian serfs (one third of the total population). All personal serfdom was abolished, and the peasants were to receive land from the landlords and pay them for it.
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Assassination of Alexander II by People’s Will
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Populists become militant extremists: “People’s Will” favoured a policy of terrorism assassins of Alexander II, 1881.
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Counter-reforms, Alexander III, the political police
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Alexander III, with his minister, Pobedonostsev, Establishes Counter-Reforms (Police State) Pobedonostsev argues against power sharing of any kind. Cynical about elections, juries; press, public education. Man of Church; Anti-Semitism
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Konstantin Pobedonostsev’s “Reflections of a Russian Statesman”
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prime minister of Alexander 2 he promoted autocracy and condemned elections, representation and democracy, the jury system, the press, free education, charities, and social reforms
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Sergei Witte’s Industrialization Policies
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Witte oversaw an ambitious program of railway construction which included the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Alexander III appointed him Russian Finance Minister in During his tenure as Finance Minister the nation saw unprecedented economic growth. Witte strongly encouraged foreign capital to invest in Russia, and to do so he put Russia on the gold standard in 1897. Witte encouraged the growth of Russian industry, as a result the industrial sector of the economy expanded rapidly, especially the metals, petroleum, and transportation sectors. To improve the economy and to attract foreign investors Witte also advocated curbing the powers of the Russian autocracy. |
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Father Gapon’s role in the Revolution of 1905, Bloody Sunday
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organized an assembly who's objectives were to defend workers' rights and to elevate their moral and religious status.
Gapon organized a workers' procession to present a petition to the Tsar, which ended tragically (Bloody Sunday 1905) |
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Sergei Eisenstein’s film shown in class, “Battleship Potemkin”
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commemorates revolution of 1905, The massacre did not happen on the Odessa Stairs. But the artistry of the film does convey well the essence of what happened. Shifts in Popular mood lead to “the lion” awakening: Anger over sub-human treatment (the maggots in the meat served to sailors) Action: Just as firing squad prepares to shoot the complaining sailors, the men mutiny. Sorrow: Leader of mutiny is killed, mourned by citizens of Odessa. Collective solidarity Outrage: Cossack troops massacre citizens.
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The October Manifesto and the creation of the Duma
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Issued after the revolution of 1905; The manifesto addressed the unrest in Russia and pledged to grant civil liberties to the people: including personal immunity, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of association; a broad participation in the Duma
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Decisions made by Tsar Nicholas II contributing to the tsarist state’s demise
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Horrible tsar-Bloody Sunday, and the anti-Semitic pogroms that occurred during his reign. As head of state, he approved the Russian mobilization of August 1914 which marked the first fatal step into World War I and thus into the demise of the Romanov dynasty.
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Peoples Will
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was a Russian terrorist organization, best known for the successful assassination of Czar Alexander II of Russia. It created a centralized, well disguised, and most significant organization in a time of diverse liberation movements in Russia
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Slavophiles vs. Westernizers
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Slavophiles were especially opposed to the influences of Western Europe in Russia
westernizers: group of 19th century intellectuals who believed that Russia's development depended upon the adoption of Western European technology and liberal government |
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Lenin’s concept of party organization described in “What is to be Done?”
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Chernyshevsky wrote his famous novel What Is to Be Done? The novel was an inspiration to many later Russian revolutionaries, who sought to emulate the novel's hero, who was wholly dedicated to the revolution (Lenin)
Lenin draws a lesson from the failure of Revolution of 1905. The masses need to be steered by firm leadership. Without professional revolutionaries to keep the proletariat (and their organization, the Soviet) focused, workers will become satisfied with small gains rather than achieving what Lenin considers essential: a total overhaul of society and the complete abolition of private property |
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Bolsheviks vs. Mensheviks
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While both factions believed that a bourgeois democratic revolution was necessary, the Mensheviks generally tended to be more moderate and were more positive towards the "mainstream" liberal opposition.
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Stolypin’s Reforms
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The reforms were multifaceted and introduced the following:
* Development of large-scale individual farming (khutors) * Introduction of agricultural cooperative * Development of agricultural education * Dissemination of new methods of land improvement * Affordable lines of credit for peasants * Creation of an Agrarian Party, to represent the interests of farmers |
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Lenin’s “April Theses”
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Theses were mostly aimed at fellow Bolsheviks in Russia and returning to Russia from exile. He called for soviets (workers' councils) to take power (as seen in the slogan "all power to the soviets"), denounced liberals and social democrats in the Provisional Government, called for Bolsheviks not to cooperate with the government, and called for new communist policies.
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Lenin’s “State and Revolution”
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describes the role of the State in society, the necessity of proletarian revolution, and the theoretic inadequacies of social democracy in achieving revolution to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.
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Dual Power
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Petrograd Soviet and the official state Provisional Government coexisted with each other and competed for legitimacy. Lenin argued that this essentially unstable situation constituted a unique opportunity for the Soviets to seize power by smashing the Provisional Government and establishing themselves as the basis of a new form of state power.
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The weakness of the Provisional Government led by Kerensky
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The Provisional Government was unable to make decisive policy decisions due to political factionalism and a breakdown of state structures
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Martov’s complaints before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and Trotsky’s reply
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Martov says that Lenin is going to create a civil war. Trotsky disagrees with Martov and says that the Mensheviks need to be swept away because their role in history was
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Lenin’s concept of Democratic Centralism
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describes the freedom of members of the political party to discuss and debate matters of policy and direction, but once the decision of the party is made by majority vote, all members are expected to uphold that decision
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Lenin’s Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly
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With the split between mainstream Socialist Revolutionaries and Left Socialist Revolutionaries finalized in November, the Bolsheviks formed a coalition government with the latter. On November 28, the Soviet government declared the Constitutional Democratic Party "a party of the enemies of the people", banned the party and ordered its leaders arrested
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from World War I.
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War Communism
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the economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. According to Soviet historiography, this policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the aim of keeping towns and the Red Army supplied with weapons and food, in conditions in which all normal economic mechanisms and relations were being destroyed by the war.
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The Cheka
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Cheka was an important military and security arm of the Bolshevik communist government.These troops policed labor camps, ran the Gulag system, conducted requisitions of food, liquidated political opponents, put down peasant rebellions, riots by workers, and mutinies in the Red Army
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Alexandra Kollontai and the Workers’ Opposition
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Was a faction of the Russian Communist Party that emerged in 1920 as a response to the perceived over-bureaucratisation that was occurring in Soviet Russia
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The Kronstadt Rebellion
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The Kronstadt rebellion was an unsuccessful uprising of Soviet sailors, soldiers and civilians against the government of the early Russian SFSR in March 1921
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Lenin’s response to his political opponents, “On Party Unity”
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which banned factions within the Party except during pre-Congress discussions.
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The New Economic Policies
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Results from the tenth party congress. Small scale capitalism, peasants enjoy a fixed tax and can sell grain on the market ==> the economy rebounds
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Last Testament
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Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies. He also commented on the leading members of the Soviet leadership and suggested that Stalin be removed from his position as General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee.
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“Better Fewer, But Better”
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Lenin wants to increase the members of the party decision makers to dilute the influence of Stalin and Trotsky
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Buckharin
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keep NEP, go slow – Lenin says they’re the most outstanding figures among the youngest ones, he is considered the favorite – but his theoretical views are fully Marxist with complete reserve
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