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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did they attract more people to come to texas?
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they tired empressarios?
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Who were emprassarios?
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agents who brought settlers to texas
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What did empressarios get in exchange?
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up to 67000 acres of land for every 200 families they brought
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Who was moses austins son?
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Stephen F. Austin
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What did Stephen F. Austin do?
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He made the old three hundred, he also helped to keep peace between the mexican government and american settlers
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What is the old three hundred?
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the first three hundred families to come to
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Who were some other famous empresarios?
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John McMullen, and martin de leon
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About how many settlers were there by 1834?
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20,000
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What letters were commonly found above doors?
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GTT (gone to texas)
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What attracted most families?
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cheap free land
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How much land could a man get?
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640 acres with additional land for wife and children but other land grants gave every married man 4,600 acres of free land
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What were the requirements for foreign immigrants coming ot mexico?
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they had to become mexican citizens, support roman catholic church, and obey mexican laws
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What was the problem with some of the u.s. settlers in mexico?
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they broke many laws because they were acting as if they were still in the u.s. they also mostly came illegally and felt little loyalty to mexico
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What did some mexican officials say?
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they complained about the lack of respect for their government
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Who argued that they werent fairly represented in the mexican government?
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americans, texans, and tejanos
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What did Texans want them to do with the Mexican constition of 1824?
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they wanted it to be more strictly followed because they thought the central government was too powerful
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How did mexico respond to that ?
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they enforced laws more strictly
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What were some examples of them doing so?
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limited american migration in 1830, officials worked to keep settlers from bringing slaves, tariffs on goods from the u.s. were raised, and mexico sent more soldiers to texas
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How did Stephen f. austin help try to keep the peace after many texans got angered about this?
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he made a petition asking for more self-government
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What was stephens consequence?
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he was thrown in jail
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What happened the same year that he got thrown into jail?
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Santa Anna became president of Mexico
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What did he do in 1834 while being president?
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he suspended mexicos republican constitution
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How long was austin in jail?
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a year and a half
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What did austin do after he was let out of jail?
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he called all texans to rebel against mexico
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What was the name of this war called?
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The texas revolution
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Where was the first fight?
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Gonzales in october of 1835
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What happened during that fight?
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Mexicans tried to move a cannon that was located there and rebels stood with a sign that said come and take it
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Who won?
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Texas
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What happened in November of 1835?
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a group of texans made a temporary government hoping to restore mexicos republican constitution by defeating santa anna
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What happened during the alamo?
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texans occupied the alamo (an old mission in san antonio) and santa anna led his troops to san antonio and travis wouldnt retreat the mexicans surrounded the alamo and soon after the fight won
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who were the texans led by?
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william travis, jim bowie
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How many troops did santa anna have?
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1800
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how many troops did the texans have?
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189
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How long did the mexicans surround the alamo?
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13 days
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What became a rallying cry in texas?
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remember the alamo
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What battle came soon after?
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battle of goliad
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What happened at the battle of goliad?
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mexican forces attacked and james fannin surrendered because they were greatly outnumbered and santa anna ordered him to be executed and his soldiers
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What did francita alavez do?
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she was shocked so she hid several soldiers and they were saved
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What was she called?
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Angel of goliad
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What happened 4 days before the alamo?
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a meeting with texas delegates to declare independence from mexico
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What had they done within two weeks?
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written a constitution and declaration
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Who did they make theirs like?
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the u.s.'s but there were some differences
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What were some of the differences?
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they made slavery legal
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Who was temporary president and who was vice president?
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david burnet, Lorenzo de Zavala
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Who was Sam Houston?
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he became the new commander in chief of the new texan army
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Why did the texan army ahve to retreat?
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they were outnumbered and untrained
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What happened at the battle of San Jacinto?
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the texans came and caught the mexicans by surprise and the mexicans were driven back and trapped in the woods. it was the final battle of the texas revolution
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What resulted in the battle?
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the texans won and it destroyed the mexican army and independence for texas
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What did texans do afterwards?
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captured santa anna and forced him to sign a treaty giving texas its independence
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What happened to mexico?
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santa anna was thrown out of power and most mexicans didnt accept that texas was now independent
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Who were the mountain men?
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American Indians who traveled to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest were fur traders and trappers
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what did many eastern companies do in the early 1800s?
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In the early 1800s eastern companies wanted furs to make hats and clothing that were popular in the United States and Europe. They hired many mountain men to bring back the furs of beavers and other animals.
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what was one of the largest businesses?
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American Fur Company, owned by John Jacob Astor.
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What was the life of many mountain men like?
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Mountain men lived lonely and often dangerous lives. They trapped animals on their own, far from towns and settlements. Mountain men such as Jedediah Smith, Manuel Lisa, and Jim Bridger survived many hardships during their search for wealth and adventure
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What did the mountain men do to survive on the frontier?
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To survive on the frontier, mountain men adopted American Indian customs and clothing.
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why did many mountain men marry?
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often married American Indian women. The Indian wives of trappers often worked hard to contribute to their success
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What is a rendezvous?
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Pioneer William Ashley saw that bringing furs out of the Rocky Mountains was expensive. He asked his traders to stay in the mountains and meet once a year to trade and socialize. This practice helped make the fur trade more profitable
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What happened at the rendezvouss?
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mountain men and American Indian trappers sold their furs to fur company agents The rendezvous was filled with celebrating and storytelling
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Who came to the rendezvous?
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He saw Americans, Canadian French, some Europeans, and “Indians, of nearly every tribe in the Rocky Mountains
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What happened in the 1840s?
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By the 1840s the demand for beaver furs had fallen because fashions changed. Too much trapping had also greatly lowered the number of beavers
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What did some mountain men do because of what happened inthe 1840s?
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Some mountain men gave up their work and moved back east. Others began guiding farmers, miners, and ranchers to the West. In the 1840s these new settlers replaced the mountain men on the frontier.
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What is Astoria?
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In 1811 American merchant John Jacob Astor founded Astoria as a center for the fur trade. It was located at the mouth of the Columbia River in the Pacifc Northwest. This small outpost was one of the earliest American settlements in the region later called Oregon Country.
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Who was the oregon country occupied by in the early 1800s?
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American Indians. These Indian groups included the Cayuse, the Flathead, the Nez Percé, and the Shoshone. Great Britain, Russia, Spain
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What had the u.s. based its claim on?
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The United States based its claim on the exploration of merchant captain Robert Gray, who had reached the mouth of the Columbia River in 1792.
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What left american indians, britain, and the u.s. rivals for the pacific northwest?
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United States signed the Adams-Onís Treaty. Spain gave up all claims to land beyond the northern border of what is now California. In 1824 Russia also signed a treaty with the United States. Russia gave up its land claims up to the southern border of what is now Alaska.
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What did the u.s. and britain do in 1818?
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The United States and Britain had signed a treaty in 1818 that allowed both countries to occupy Oregon Country
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What did they decide to do about it in 1827?
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In 1827 they decided to extend this treaty. The agreement did not state how long this shared ownership would last, however. Both sides wanted to maintain use of the Columbia River and its surrounding land. Still, neither country was willing to start a war over the territory.
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Why were most british interested in the oregon country?
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The British were interested in the Pacific Northwest primarily for the fur trade.
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Who were among the first to settle in oregon country?
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missionaries
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What did some churches decide to do?
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Some churches decided to bring Christianity to American Indians in the Far West. Oregon Country was one such destination
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What missionaries went there in 1836 to convert american indians to christianity?
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Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
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Where did the whitmans settle?
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walla walla
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What mission did they found?
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They founded a mission called Waiilatpu. However, the Whitmans had limited success bringing Christianity to the local Cayuse Indians
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What did some mountain men do because of what happened inthe 1840s?
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Some mountain men gave up their work and moved back east. Others began guiding farmers, miners, and ranchers to the West. In the 1840s these new settlers replaced the mountain men on the frontier.
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What did narcissa thing about her new life?
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Narcissa Whitman found her new life difficult and lonely. She wrote to her sister in 1846, “My health has been so poor, and my family has increased so rapidly, that it [frontier life] has been impossible.”
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What is Astoria?
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In 1811 American merchant John Jacob Astor founded Astoria as a center for the fur trade. It was located at the mouth of the Columbia River in the Pacifc Northwest. This small outpost was one of the earliest American settlements in the region later called Oregon Country.
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What tragedy ended up happenning?
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Settlers stopping at Waiilatpu brought diseases that led to an epidemic that killed many Cayuse children. In anger a group of Cayuse killed the Whitmans and at least 10 others.
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Who was the oregon country occupied by in the early 1800s?
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American Indians. These Indian groups included the Cayuse, the Flathead, the Nez Percé, and the Shoshone. Great Britain, Russia, Spain
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What had the u.s. based its claim on?
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The United States based its claim on the exploration of merchant captain Robert Gray, who had reached the mouth of the Columbia River in 1792.
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What left american indians, britain, and the u.s. rivals for the pacific northwest?
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United States signed the Adams-Onís Treaty. Spain gave up all claims to land beyond the northern border of what is now California. In 1824 Russia also signed a treaty with the United States. Russia gave up its land claims up to the southern border of what is now Alaska.
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What did the u.s. and britain do in 1818?
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The United States and Britain had signed a treaty in 1818 that allowed both countries to occupy Oregon Country
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What did they decide to do about it in 1827?
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In 1827 they decided to extend this treaty. The agreement did not state how long this shared ownership would last, however. Both sides wanted to maintain use of the Columbia River and its surrounding land. Still, neither country was willing to start a war over the territory.
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Why were most british interested in the oregon country?
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The British were interested in the Pacific Northwest primarily for the fur trade.
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Who were among the first to settle in oregon country?
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missionaries
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What did some churches decide to do?
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Some churches decided to bring Christianity to American Indians in the Far West. Oregon Country was one such destination
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What missionaries went there in 1836 to convert american indians to christianity?
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Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
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Where did the whitmans settle?
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walla walla
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What mission did they found?
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They founded a mission called Waiilatpu. However, the Whitmans had limited success bringing Christianity to the local Cayuse Indians
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What did narcissa thing about her new life?
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Narcissa Whitman found her new life difficult and lonely. She wrote to her sister in 1846, “My health has been so poor, and my family has increased so rapidly, that it [frontier life] has been impossible.”
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What tragedy ended up happenning?
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Settlers stopping at Waiilatpu brought diseases that led to an epidemic that killed many Cayuse children. In anger a group of Cayuse killed the Whitmans and at least 10 others.
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Why did many people go to oregon country?
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families looked to the West as a place where they could improve their lives. They had learned that Oregon Country offered rich farmland, great forests, rivers full of fish, and a good climate Many settlers also decided to go west following the economic hardships of the Panic of 1837.
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What happened in 1843?
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A new territorial government was set up in 1843. It started a system of land grants to attract even more settlers. After 1843 each married man who settled in Oregon could claim 640 acres of land
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Where did most new settlers move?
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willamette valley
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What happened?
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The population growth in the region led to increased conflict with American Indians. It also caused greater tension with Great Britain over control of Oregon Country
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What did many going to the oregon country follow?
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the oregon trail
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How long was it?
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over 2000 miles
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describe it ^^
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Pioneers started their journey in Independence or St. Joseph, Missouri, or Council Bluffs, Iowa. The trail followed the Platte and Sweetwater Rivers over the Plains. After it crossed the Rockies, the trail split into two paths, one to Oregon Country and the other to California.
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When did they usually start their journey?
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The pioneers’ journey usually began after the rainy season ended in late spring. The trip lasted about six months
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How much money was needed?
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A family of four needed about $600 to buy the supplies necessary for making the trip—a lot of money at a time when laborers made around $1.50 per day
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Who made up most of the settlers?
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young families
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What were wagon trains?
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There could be as few as 10 wagons or as many as several dozen in a wagon train
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What was always a problem on the journey?
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Shortages of food, supplies, and water were a constant problem for many wagon trains. Pioneers also faced rough weather and natural barriers, such as rivers and mountains. Travelers often got confused over the best route to take.
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Why did many people walk?
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to save their animal's strength
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What usually happened at the end of the day?
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At the end of each day, much work remained to be done, such as unpacking, cooking, cleaning, and looking after children and livestock
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What were some specific tasks for people?
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women helped pitch [set up] the tents, helped unload, and helped yokeing up [harnessing] the cattle.” Children helped out their parents with the day-to-day work. One out of every five pioneers was a child.
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Who helped the pioneers?
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American Indians from many different groups also helped the pioneers. Indians often acted as guides, carried messages between wagon trains, and traded food for goods.
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What were some good things about moving there?
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The settlers who arrived safely in Oregon and California found generally healthy and pleasant climates. They also found fertile valleys for farming. By 1845 about 5,000 settlers occupied the Willamette Valley. Thousands more Americans chose to brave the dangers of the Oregon Trail to find new opportunities in the West.
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Who was the Donner party?
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a group of western travelers with bad luck and poor judgment. The party began its journey west in the spring of 1846. Trying to fnd a shortcut, the group left the main trail and got lost
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Where did they go and what happened there?
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When the Donner party reached the Sierra Nevada, they became trapped by heavy snows.
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How many people went and how many died? How were they found?
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A rescue party found the starving and freezing group in February 1847. Of the original 87 travelers, 42 had died.
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Name the three trails
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Santa Fe, Oregon, California
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Name some dangers
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cholera starvation mountains lost weather
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What will they bring
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food, clothes, cooking supples, family portrait, books,
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