Spring A&p Unit 1/lecture 5&6

Front 1

two different categories of ligaments of the larynx

Back 1

extrinsic and intrinsic

Front 2

what do the extrinsic ligaments do?

Back 2

connect the larynx either inferiorly to trachea or to the hyoid bone above the larynx

Front 3

name 3 extrinsic ligaments of the larynx

Back 3

a. hyoepiglottic
b. cricotracheal
c. thyrohyoid

Front 4

origin and insertion of the cricotracheal mm

Back 4

origin:cricoid
insertion: 1st tracheal ring

Front 5

name of the type of ligaments that connect the laryngocartilages together

Back 5

instrinsic ligaments of the larynx

Front 6

name the two intrinsic ligaments of the larynx

Back 6

cricothyroid
thyroepigottic

Front 7

origin and insertion of the thyroepiglottic ligament

Back 7

origin: thryoid
insertion: tapered inferior end of the epiglottis

Front 8

shape and orientation of the laryngeal inlet

Back 8

oval and oblique

Front 9

how does the laryngeal inlet project?

Back 9

projects backward and upward into the laryngopharynx

Front 10

what is lateral to laryngeal inlet?

Back 10

piriform fossa/recess/sinus on both sides

Front 11

folds of tissue projecting into the lumen of the larynx from the lateral walls of the larynx

Back 11

laryngeal folds

Front 12

two types of laryngeal folds

Back 12

vestibular and vocal folds

Front 13

vestibular/ventricular folds are also called?

Back 13

false vocal cords

Front 14

where are the false vocal cords located?

Back 14

superior and lateral to the true vocal cords

Front 15

appearance of the vestibular folds?

Back 15

pinkish in color due to their vascularity

Front 16

what lies under vestibular folds and helps to form them?

Back 16

vestibular ligament

Front 17

attachment of the vestibular ligament?

Back 17

anteriorly: attaches to the inner surface of the angle of the thyroid cartilage
posteriorly: attaches to the upper anterior lateral aspect of the arytenoid cartilage

Front 18

another name for vocal folds

Back 18

true vocal cords

Front 19

location of vocal folds in comparision to the vestibular folds

Back 19

more inferior and medial

Front 20

appearance of the vocal folds?

Back 20

whitish due to poor vascularity, which makes it less likely to become infected w/ a URI

Front 21

lies under vocal folds, helps form them

Back 21

vocal ligament

Front 22

attachment of vocal ligament

Back 22

anterior: tip of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
posterior: inner surface of the angle of the thyroid

Front 23

what is reinke's space?

Back 23

potential space lying b/t the epithelium that covers the vocal fold and the underlying vocal ligament

Front 24

what do you have when there is swelling over the true vocal cords?

Back 24

reinke's edema: caused by an accumulation of fluid in reinke's space

Front 25

what is the first thing that occurs pathologically in response to irritation of the true cords?

Back 25

reinke's edema

Front 26

how do you resolve reinke's edema?

Back 26

remove the irritant

Front 27

does reinke's edema resolve quickly?

Back 27

no, b/c there are no lymph vessels in the true vocal cords

Front 28

what could reinke's edema lead to?

Back 28

difficult intubation

Front 29

reinke's edema is common in what pt's?

Back 29

GERD, it causes irritation of the cords

Front 30

opening b/t the true vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages

Back 30

rima glottidis

Front 31

narrowest portion of upper airway in adults

Back 31

rima glottidis

Front 32

rima glottidis and true vocal cords

Back 32

glottis

Front 33

3 laryngeal cavities

Back 33

vestibule
ventricle
infraglottic (subglottic)

Front 34

part of laryngeal cavity b/t laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds

Back 34

vestibule

Front 35

small part of laryngeal cavity b/t the vestibular folds and vocal folds

Back 35

ventricle

Front 36

portion of laryngeal cavity below vocal cords to the end of the larynx

Back 36

infraglottic (subglottic) cavity

Front 37

which muscles move the entire larynx as a whole? lifts it up?

Back 37

extrinsic muscles/longitudinal mm's

Front 38

where are all of the extrinsic mm's inserted and what happens when they contract?

Back 38

they are all inserted into the posterior border of the thyroid cartilage, upon contraction, they elevate the entire larynx during swallowing, helping to close laryngeal inlet and prevent aspiration

Front 39

names of the extrinsic mm's of the larynx?

Back 39

stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

Front 40

which mm's are involved w/ the movement of a part of the larynx?

Back 40

intrinsic mm's of the larynx

Front 41

contraction of the intrinsic mm's of the larynx can result in which two things:

Back 41

modifying the laryngeal inlet
movement of the true vocal cords

Front 42

which intrinsic mm's of the larynx are involved w/ modifying the laryngeal inlet?

Back 42

aryepiglottic
oblique arytenoideus
thyroepiglottic

Front 43

which two intrinsic mm's of the larynx are involved in narrowing the laryngeal inlet?

Back 43

aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoideus

Front 44

origin and insertion of the oblique arytenoideus mm

Back 44

origin: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
insertion: apex of the other arytenoid cartilage unless it continues on to join with the ariepiglottic mm

Front 45

which mm is involved in widening the larygneal inlet?

Back 45

thryoepiglottic

Front 46

3 mm's involved in changing the tension and length of the vocal cords

Back 46

cricothyroid
thyroarytenoideus
--vocalis

Front 47

mm that increases tension and length of true vocal cords

Back 47

cricothyroid

Front 48

mm's that decrease tension and length of the true vocal cords

Back 48

thyroarytenoideus and vocalis mm

Front 49

origin and insertion of the thyroarytenoideus mm

Back 49

origin: angle of the thyroid
insertion: anterolateral aspect of the arytenoid cartilage

Front 50

which mm contracts and pulls/tilts the thyroid cartilage forward?

Back 50

cricothyroid

Front 51

which mm contracts and pulls the arytenoid cartilage forward towards the thyroid cartilage?

Back 51

thyroarytenoideus

Front 52

what lies immediately lateral to the vocal ligaments and is involved in relaxation of true vocal cords?

Back 52

vocalis mm

Front 53

adductor mm of the larynx

Back 53

lateral cricoarytenoideus
oblique arytenoid
transverse arytenoid

Front 54

origin/insertion of the lateral cricoarytenoideus mm

Back 54

origin: lateral aspect of the cricoid
insertion:muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

Front 55

which mm helps close the rima glottidis by pulling the muscular processes forward and vocal processes more medially

Back 55

lateral cricoarytenoideus

Front 56

what adductor mm closes the rima glottidis by pulling the muscular processes forward and moves the vocal processes medially bringing the vocal cords together

Back 56

lateral cricoarytenoideus mm

Front 57

which adductor mm just brings the vocal cords together and helps to close the rima glottidis?

Back 57

lateral cricoarytenoideus

Front 58

which adductor mm contracts and pulls the arytenoids closer and helps to close the rima glottidis?

Back 58

transverse arytenoid mm

Front 59

which adductor mm brings 2 arytenoid cartilages and vocal cords together to close the rima glottidis

Back 59

oblique arytenoid

Front 60

only abductor mm of the vocal cords

Back 60

posterior cricoarytenoid

Front 61

origin and insertion of the posterior cricoarytenoid

Back 61

origin:posterior aspect of the cricoid
insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid

Front 62

what happens when the posterior cricoarytenoid mm contracts?

Back 62

it pulls the muscular processes medially and the vocal processes laterally, opening the rima glottidis

Front 63

epithelial lining of the larynx

Back 63

respiratory epithelium, except for true vocal cords which are stratified squamous

Front 64

epithelial lining of the true vocal cords

Back 64

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 65

why are the true vocal cords lined w/ stratified squamous?

Back 65

need a more durable epithelium d/t the vibration they are exposed to

Front 66

mucous glands of the larynx are innervated by?

Back 66

PSNF from vagus

Front 67

what arteries provide blood supply to the larynx?

Back 67

superior and inferior thyroid artery

Front 68

superior thyroid artery branches into the?

Back 68

superior laryngeal artery

Front 69

venous drainage of the larynx

Back 69

internal jugular vein

Front 70

lymphatic drainage from the larynx will drain into the?

Back 70

deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 71

sensory innervation from laryngeal inlet to the upper 1/2 of true vocal cords

Back 71

internal laryngeal nn
(branch of superior laryngeal, which is branch of vagus)

Front 72

carries sensory info from lower 1/2 of true vocal cords to bottom of larynx

Back 72

recurrent laryngeal

Front 73

in the area of the larynx, what happens to the recurrent laryngeal nn?

Back 73

it terminates, becoming the inferior laryngeal nerve

Front 74

2 branches of the recurrent laryngeal nn?

Back 74

right recurrent laryngeal:branch given off of vagus that turns around after passing over brachiocephalic artery and ascends back up to the neck area to innervate the larynx
left recurrent laryngeal:branch off of vagus that turns around and ascends after passing over aortic arch

Front 75

motor innervation of the extrinsic mm's of the larynx

Back 75

stylo: CN IX
palato:CN X (XI)
salpingo: CN X (XI)

Front 76

motor innervation of the intrinsic mm's of the larynx, except the cricothyroid mm? what is the innervation of the cricothyroid?

Back 76

recurrent laryngeal; external laryngeal

Front 77

unilateral cutting of the recurrent laryngeal nn results in?

Back 77

flaccid paralysis of corresponding vocal fold, hoarseness (can happen during thyroid sx)

Front 78

bilateral cutting of the recurrent laryngeal nn results in?

Back 78

paralysis of both vocal folds, loss of voice. during inspiration, could lead to occlusion of the airway due to neg pressure pulling the two cords together and closing the airway

Front 79

external laryngeal nn is a branch off of the?

Back 79

superior laryngeal nn, which is a branch of the vagus

Front 80

what innervates the mucus glands of the larynx?

Back 80

PSNF from CN X

Front 81

the trachea is described as what type of tube?

Back 81

fibrocartilaginous

Front 82

trachea begins and ends where?

Back 82

begins at inferior end of larynx and passes down to imaginary line at the sternal angle anteriorly, and the IVD b/t T4 & T5 posteriorly

Front 83

midline structure passing down the neck from superior mediastinum down to the level of the sternal angle at the carina

Back 83

trachea

Front 84

midpoint of trachea

Back 84

horizontal level corresponding posteriorly to T2 and anteriorly to the jugular notch, ideal for distall end of ETT

Front 85

what makes of the walls of the trachea

Back 85

anterolateral walls are made up of 16-20 C shaped cartilages that are open ended posteriorly

Front 86

open ends of the trachea become closed by what?

Back 86

trachealis mm

Front 87

what type of mm is the trachealis?

Back 87

sm mm

Front 88

what do you sometimes see happen with the cartilages of the trachea?

Back 88

they bifurcate

Front 89

what is the fxn of the C-shaped cartilage of the trachea?

Back 89

to keep the airway open

Front 90

what is the appearance of the trachea posteriorly?

Back 90

flattened, lies anterior to esophagus, which is flat

Front 91

where does the trachea divide into the right and left mainstem bronchi?

Back 91

carina, lowermost portion of trachea

Front 92

along w/ the trachealis mm, what else will you see inthe musculature of the trachea?

Back 92

increasing amts of collagen and elastin fibers

Front 93

epithelial lining of the trachea

Back 93

resp epi along w/ mucous glands in submucosa

Front 94

arterial blood supply to trachea

Back 94

branches of:
inferior thyroid
intercostal
bronchial

Front 95

venous drainage of the trachea

Back 95

veins of the:
inferior thyroid
intercostal
bronchial

Front 96

lymphatic drainage of the trachea

Back 96

a. tracheal (paratracheal)
b. tracheobronchial: superior and inferior
c. inferior deep cervical

Front 97

inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes are also called:

Back 97

carinal nodes

Front 98

sensory innervation to the trachea

Back 98

recurrent laryngeal nn, which is a branch off of vagus

Front 99

what part of the trachea is very sensitive?

Back 99

carina

Front 100

motor innervation of trachea

Back 100

mucus glands innervated by PSNF of Vagus

Front 101

portion of conducting airways located b/t the trachea and bronchioles

Back 101

bronchi

Front 102

3 types of bronchi

Back 102

primary, secondary, tertiary

Front 103

2 reasons that the right mainstem bronchi is easily intubated

Back 103

a. it is more directly aligned w/ trachea
b. it is larger in diameter

Front 104

what composes the walls of the primary bronchi?

Back 104

C shaped cartilages closed off by sm mm

Front 105

the primary bronchi are the last of the ________ ?

Back 105

extrapulmonary airways

Front 106

mainstem that is longer & narrower?

Back 106

left

Front 107

alignment of left mainstem bronchi?

Back 107

horizontal

Front 108

mainstem bronchi that is shorter and wider

Back 108

right

Front 109

alignment of right mainstem bronchi?

Back 109

more vertical, more directly aligned w/ trachea

Front 110

angle of the left mainstem off of the trachea

Back 110

45

Front 111

angle of right mainstem off of trachea in adults

Back 111

25

Front 112

angle of both mainstems off of the trachea in babies/children

Back 112

55

Front 113

another name for mainstem bronchi

Back 113

primary bronchi

Front 114

what surrounds the walls of the intrapulmonary airways?

Back 114

irregular pieces of cartilage surrounding the entire circumference

Front 115

1st part of the intrapulmonary airway

Back 115

secondary (lobar) bronchi

Front 116

what makes up the walls of the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Back 116

irregular shaped pieces of cartilage

Front 117

how many secondary bronchi do we have?

Back 117

5, one for each lobe

Front 118

another name for secondary bronchi?

Back 118

lobar

Front 119

another name for tertiary bronchi

Back 119

segmental

Front 120

what is last segment of conducting airway that contains cartilage?

Back 120

bronchi

Front 121

musculature of the bronchi contains?

Back 121

sm mm and significant amts of collagen and elastic fibers

Front 122

epithelial lining of the bronchi

Back 122

respiratory epi, with some mucous glands present in mucosa

Front 123

the bronchi is the last segment that you will find what?

Back 123

mucus glands and cartilage

Front 124

arterial blood supply to bronchi?

Back 124

bronchial aa's that can be a direct branch off of the aorta and intercostal aa's

Front 125

venous return of the bronchi?

Back 125

bronchial vv's

Front 126

lymph drainage of your primary bronchi

Back 126

a. tracheobronchial
(superior & inferior)
b. bronchopulmonary/hilar

Front 127

lymph drainage of 2ndary and tertiary bronchi

Back 127

pulmonary(intrapulmonary)

Front 128

sensory innervation of bronchi

Back 128

PSNF from vagus

Front 129

motor innervation of bronchi

Back 129

mucus glands via pSNF of vagus

Front 130

another name for bronchioles of conducting airways?

Back 130

conducting bronchioles

Front 131

2 definitions of the bronchioles

Back 131

-airways that are 1mm in diameter
-airways that do not have cartilage in their walls

Front 132

what is the first part of the conducting airways that has no cartilage in the walls?

Back 132

conducting bronchioles

Front 133

there may be as many as ____ generations of branching in the conducting bronchioles

Back 133

13

Front 134

branching of the bronchioles can be described as usually ____?

Back 134

dichotomous

Front 135

what keeps the walls of the bronchioles from collapsing?

Back 135

support tissue: collagen and elasic fibers

Front 136

what happens to the conducting bronchioles in emphysema?

Back 136

lose support tissue that keeps airways open, leads to airway collapse and air trapping

Front 137

describe the musculature of conducting bronchioles

Back 137

lg amt of sm mm in walls relative to lumen size
lots of elastic tissue and some collage

Front 138

epithelial lining of the conducting bronchioles

Back 138

modified resp epithelium:
-cells are ciliated cuboidal
-decreasing number of goblet cells as you go down the bronchiolar tree
-increasing number of clara (bronchiolar) cells

Front 139

why are cells no longer columnar in the conducting bronchioles?

Back 139

b/c if they were, it would obstruct the narrow lumen

Front 140

are there goblet cells present in terminal bronchioles?

Back 140

no

Front 141

what replaces goblet cells as you descend the bronchiolar tree?

Back 141

clara/bronchiolar cells

Front 142

fxn of clara cells

Back 142

secretory, increase as you go down bronchiolar tree

Front 143

what is in the submucosa of the conducting bronchioles?

Back 143

nothing, no mucus cells here

Front 144

arterial supply to conducting bronchioles

Back 144

bronchial arteries

Front 145

venous flow from conducting bronchioles?

Back 145

pulmonary veins, causing shunting

Front 146

describe shunt-like condition in conducting bronchioles

Back 146

blood coming from bronchial artery, gives oxygen and nutrients to the conducting bronchiole, leaves deoxygenated and mixes w/ the pulmonary vein, which is well oxygenated.
in normal, healthy person there is a 1-3% shunt

Front 147

lymphatic drainage of conducting bronchioles

Back 147

lymph vv originate as lymph capillaries at terminal bronchioles...forming the deep pulmonary lymphatic plexus. that drains into pulmonary lymph nodes, then bronchopulmonary/hilar

Front 148

sensory innervation of conducting bronchioles

Back 148

PSNF of vagus

Front 149

motor innervation of the bronchioles

Back 149

PSNF of X---bronchiolar constriction via M3 receptor
SNS: T2-T6 little innervation
Circulating catecholamines: bronchodilation via B2

Front 150

mechanism of bronchiolar constriction

Back 150

1. Ach from PSNF binds w/ M3 receptor
2. M3 activates a Gq protein
3. Gq will cause alpha subunit to release GDP
4. GTP comes to bind to alpha subunit, then alpha subunit unit will separate from Gq
5. alpha subunit and GTP will go and bind to PLC, this activates PLC
6. PLC causes GTP to split to GDP and Pi, and PLC acts on PIP2
7. PIP2-->IP3 + DAG (2nd mess)
8. IP3 binds to IP3 receptor on SR, opens CA release channels, moves CA out of SR into cytosol
9.Ca binds to calmodulin, activates myosin light chain kinase
10. MLCK phosphorylates to light chain of the myosin crossbridge
11. head immediately binds to acting binding site, conformation change, powerstroke
12. release of ADP and Pi from myosin head
13. ATP binding site exposed
14. ATP binds, uncouples
15. ATP split, myosin crossbridge head is re-energized
16. cycle continues as long as there is ATP, CA and MLChain is phosphorylated

Front 151

explain the mechanism of bronchodilation of the conducting bronchioles

Back 151

circulating catecholamines produce bronchodilation by:
1. Epi binds to B2 receptor, activates a Gs protein
2. Activation causes the alpha subunit to release GDP
3. GTP then binds to alpha, then alpha/GTP are released from Gs protein
4. alpha/GTP attaches to adenylate cyclase and activates it
5. Adenylate cyclase splits ATP to cyclic AMP, which is the second messenger
6. cAMP converts inactive protein kinase, to active protein kinase
7. active protein kinase causes bronchodilation

cAMP will eventually be broken down by phosodiesterase to 5'AMP

Front 152

the narrowing of airways in COPD is r/t what?

Back 152

parasymphathetic tone

Front 153

best way to produce bronchodilation in COPD'ers?

Back 153

anticholinergic: atrovent/atropine

Front 154

4 function of conducting airways

Back 154

a. transport O2 and CO2
b. warming inhaled air
c. humidify inhaled air
d. filtration of inhailed air

Front 155

how is inhaled air humidifed?

Back 155

water vapor from mucus membrane: mucus glands, goblets, serous

Front 156

4 aspects of filtration of inhaled air

Back 156

mucous
turbulent air flow
beating of cilia
mucociliary escalator

Front 157

when mucous traps matter/bacteria in conducting airways, and cilia moves it up and out...we call this the?

Back 157

mucociliary escalator

Front 158

how does turbulent air flow aid in filtration of inhaled air?

Back 158

in nasal passages, air can suddenly change direction but the larger inhaled particles can't, so they get stuck in mucus

Front 159

what depresses your mucociliary escalator?

Back 159

inhaled agents

Front 160

explain the total cross-sectional area of the bronchioles

Back 160

relatively large total cross-sectional area, airflow becomes very slow, so there is very little resistance to airflow despite their very small size

Front 161

what could potentially connect a preterminal bronchiole to the gas exchange airway?

Back 161

canal of lambert

Front 162

when does a canal of lambert form?

Back 162

only if there is a blockage in terminal bronchiole that prevents ventilation of gaseous exchange airway distal to that terminal bronchiole, it is collateral ventilation

Front 163

do you see canal's of lambert in healthy peeps?

Back 163

no

Front 164

what is the end of the conducting airway and the last of the bronchioles?

Back 164

terminal bronchiole
(13th if there are 13)
(16th gen in tracheobronchial tree)

Front 165

those segments of airways that contain alveoli in their walls

Back 165

gaseous exchange airways

Front 166

area after the terminal bronchioles

Back 166

resp bronchioles

Front 167

how many gen's of resp bronchioles?

Back 167

3

Front 168

what happens has you move from 1-3rd generation and descend deeper into resp bronchiole branches?

Back 168

increased # of alveoli

Front 169

collective term for the 3 generations of resp bronchioles

Back 169

transitional zone: b/c these are situatied b/t airways w/ no alveoli and those w/ alveoli completely lining the walls

Front 170

morphology of resp bronchioles?

Back 170

a. sm mm & elastic tissue in walls ( decreasing amts)
b. ciliated cuboidal
c. bronchiolar/clara cells

NO goblet,mucus,cartilage

Front 171

what branches off 3rd generation of resp bronchioles?

Back 171

alveolar ducts

Front 172

how many generations of alveolar ducts?

Back 172

3

Front 173

straight tube-like structures completely lined w/ alveoli

Back 173

alveolar ducts

Front 174

structural features of alveolar ducts

Back 174

walls of small amt of sm mm and elastic fibers, same types of cells as alveoli b/c the walls are completely lined w/ alveoli

Front 175

3rd generation of alveolar ducts empty into ?

Back 175

a single alveoli sac

Front 176

shape of alveolar sac

Back 176

round-sac like

Front 177

structural features of alveolar sacs

Back 177

walls have small amt of sm mm and elastic fibers, same type of cells as alveoli

Front 178

how many generations of alveolar sacs?

Back 178

1

Front 179

alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs make up the ?

Back 179

respiratory zone, the portion that is completely lined w/ alveoli

Front 180

portion of lung distal to a single terminal bronchiole

Back 180

pulmonary acinus

Front 181

pulmonary acinus consists of?

Back 181

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

Front 182

portion of lung distal to a single terminal bronchiole

Back 182

pulmonary acinus

Front 183

single terminal bronchiole and gaseous exchange airways it serves

Back 183

pulmonary/primary lobule

Front 184

# of alveoli in an adult lung

Back 184

300 mil

Front 185

shape of alveoli

Back 185

polygonal

Front 186

why is polygonal shape of alveoli highly desirable

Back 186

greater SA, highest SA/volume ratio, greater SA for gas exchange to occur

Front 187

what shape has the smallest SA/volume ratio?

Back 187

sphere

Front 188

total SA available for gas exchange in the alveoli?

Back 188

50-100 sq meters, quitle large

Front 189

body SA of physiologic person

Back 189

1.7 sq meter, wayyy less than the SA for gas exchange

Front 190

alveoli are surrounded by?

Back 190

a very dense capillary bed, they are bathed in pulmonary capillary blood

Front 191

what does the inner lining of the alveoli consist of?

Back 191

a thin layer of fluid

Front 192

3 types of cells comprising alveolar wall

Back 192

type1/agranular pneumocyte
type2/granular pneumocyte
alveolar macrophage

Front 193

which cell comprises most of alveolar wall?

Back 193

type 1/agranular pneumocyte

Front 194

characteristics of type1/agranular cell

Back 194

squamous/flattened cell, making it advantageous for gas exchange
-no granules in cytoplasm

Front 195

characteristics of type2/granular pneumocyte

Back 195

-granules in cytoplasm
-cuboidal shape
-secretory fxn

Front 196

fxn of type 2/granular pneumocyte

Back 196

-secretes surfactant
-secretes fluid that lines the alveoli

Front 197

3 types of cells comprising alveolar wall

Back 197

type1/agranular pneumocyte
type2/granular pneumocyte
alveolar macrophage

Front 198

which cell comprises most of alveolar wall?

Back 198

type 1/agranular pneumocyte

Front 199

characteristics of type1/agranular cell

Back 199

squamous/flattened cell, making it advantageous for gas exchange
-no granules in cytoplasm

Front 200

characteristics of type2/granular pneumocyte

Back 200

-granules in cytoplasm
-cuboidal shape
-secretory fxn

Front 201

fxn of type 2/granular pneumocyte

Back 201

-secretes surfactant
-secretes fluid that lines the alveoli

Front 202

special fxn of type 2/granular pneumocytes

Back 202

progenetor of Type I cells. When type I cells are destroyed, Type 2 cells can differentiate into Type 1 cells.

Front 203

what lung conditions cause type 1 cells to be replaced w/ type 2 cells?

Back 203

pulmonary fibrosis, the replacement w/ type 2 cells causes an associated diffusion problem that leads to impaired gas exchange and hypoxemia

Front 204

originates from monocytes

Back 204

alveolar macrophages

Front 205

most phagocytic WBC

Back 205

monocyte

Front 206

fxns of alveolar macrophage

Back 206

a. filter debris that wasn't filtered by conducting airways and made it down to alveoli
b. destroy bacteria that has moved down

Front 207

opens b/t adjacent alveoli

Back 207

pores of kohn, not present at birth, fxn unknown

Front 208

advantages of pores of kohn

Back 208

supplies collateral ventilation, supplies the sacs of blocked ducts w/ air for gas exchange

Front 209

disadvantages of pores of kohn

Back 209

permits spread of pulmonary infection from one alveolar sac to another

Front 210

in emphysema, what happens to the pores of kohn

Back 210

they can enlarge and result in obliteration of alveoli septa

Front 211

are alveoli stable?

Back 211

no, always trying to collapse

Front 212

4 factors preventing collapse of alveoli?

Back 212

a. canals of lambert
b. pores of kohn
c. interdependence
d. pulmonary surfactant

Front 213

what 2 things provide collateral circulation to gas exchange airway?

Back 213

pores of kohn, canals of lambert

Front 214

reduces surface tension of alveoli, decreases tendency to collapse

Back 214

pulmonary surfactant

Front 215

most important factor that helps prevent collapse of alveoli?

Back 215

interdependence

Front 216

explain interdependence

Back 216

collagen & elastin fibers have interwoven type of arrangement that keeps alveoli open, when one attempts to collapse, it puts pressure on surrounding connective tissue fibers, they attempt to resist this inward stress

Front 217

blood supply to gas exchange airways

Back 217

pulmonary arteries: contain poorly oxygenated blood
pulmonary veins: carrying oxygenated blood

Front 218

venous supply to gas exchange airway

Back 218

pulmonary veins: contain well oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from bronchioles

Front 219

typically there are ____ pulmonary veins?

Back 219

4

Front 220

how do you have 4 pulmonary veins?

Back 220

2 from left, upper and middle of right lung fuse, lower right lobe

Front 221

may have as many as __ or as few as ___ pulmonary veins?

Back 221

5, 3

Front 222

are there valves in pulmonary veins?

Back 222

no

Front 223

lymph drainage of gas exchange airways?

Back 223

no lymph drainage, foreign substances are removed from alveolar area b/c the fluid produced eventually migrates up the mucociliary escalator to terminal bronchiole

Front 224

innervation of gas exchange airways

Back 224

we don't know

Front 225

# of alveoli at birth

Back 225

30 millioon-10 fold increase

Front 226

lung development completes at age ?

Back 226

8

Front 227

what has detrimental effects on lung development?

Back 227

early childhood resp diseases, whooping cough & measles

Front 228

fxn of gas exchange airways

Back 228

a. passage of oxygen from alveoli to pulm cap blood
b. passage of CO2 from pulmonary cap blood into alveoli

Front 229

# of branches in our tracheobronchial tree

Back 229

23

Front 230

23 generations: list

Back 230

Bronchi: 3
Conducting bronchioles: 13
Respiratory bronchioles: 3
Alveolar ducts: 3
alveolar sacs: 1