Spring A&p Unit 1

Front 1

What comprises the structure of the respiratory system?

Back 1

1. Thorax (thoracic cage)
2. Lungs (includes intrapulmonary airways)
3. Extrapulmonary airways

Hint 1

3 things

Front 2

What shape is the thorax?

Back 2

cone

Front 3

What two apertures compose the thorax?

Back 3

Superior thoracic aperture
Inferior thoracic aperture

Front 4

What are other names for the superior and inferior thoracic aperture?

Back 4

thoracic inlet and outlet

Front 5

What are structures that enter the thorax through the superior thoracic aperture?

Back 5

trachea, vagus nerve, esophagus, phrenic nerve (c3-c4)

Hint 5

4 things

Front 6

What aperture is narrow, and which is wide?

Back 6

superior is narrow, and inferior is broad/wide

Front 7

What are the two important functional characteristics of the thorax?

Back 7

1. Strength
2. Flexibility

Front 8

What gives strength to the thorax?

Back 8

bones and cartilage of the thorax

Front 9

What does the thorax protect?

Back 9

primarily heart and lungs

Hint 9

organs

Front 10

What provides flexibility of the thorax?

Back 10

muscles associated with the thorax

Front 11

What does flexibility of the thorax allow for?

Back 11

movement of the thorax, essential for ventilation

Front 12

Decreased flexibility of the thorax leads to?

Back 12

hypoventilation

Front 13

In what condition do we see decreased flexibility of the thorax?

Back 13

kyphoscoliosis

Front 14

What are the 3 bones associated with the thorax?

Back 14

Thoracic vertebra
Ribs
Sternum

Front 15

How many thoracic vertebrae?

Back 15

12 (T1-T12)

Front 16

What is found b/t thoracic vertebrae?

Back 16

Intervertebral discs

Front 17

What makes up the intervertebral discs?

Back 17

fibrocartilage, very tough, most rigid form of cartilage

Front 18

What gives the fibrocartilage its tensile strength?

Back 18

collagen fibers

Front 19

What are 2 other types of cartilage?

Back 19

Elastic & Hyalin

Front 20

Where do you find elastic cartilage in the respiratory system?

Back 20

epiglottis

Front 21

What are most cartilaginous structures in the respiratory system made of?

Back 21

hyalin cartilage

Front 22

How many pairs of ribs are there?

Back 22

12

Front 23

Rib is only bone capable of doing what?

Back 23

regenerating itself

Front 24

What is associated with each rib?

Back 24

costal cartilage

Front 25

The head of a typical rib articulates posteriorly with what?

Back 25

-body of the corresponding vertebra
-body of the vertebra above

Front 26

The tubercle of a typical rib articulates posteriorly with?

Back 26

transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae

Front 27

What is the area on the vertebrae where the rib articulates?

Back 27

facets

Front 28

What are the names of the three facets on the vertebrae?

Back 28

Superior costal facet
Inferior costal facet
Transverse costal facet

Front 29

What are the two demifacets?

Back 29

Superior costal facet
Inferior costal facet

Front 30

Which ribs articulate only with the corresponding thoracic vertebrae?

Back 30

1, 10, 11, 12

Front 31

Which ribs heads articulate with only the pedicle and not the body?

Back 31

11, 12

Front 32

How do ribs attach anteriorly?

Back 32

Either directly or indirectly with sternum via their costal cartilage, except ribs 11 & 12

Front 33

What are the two major classifications of ribs?

Back 33

True and False

Front 34

Which ribs are true ribs?

Back 34

1-7

Front 35

How do true ribs articulate with the sternum?

Back 35

articulate directly with the sternum via costal cartilage

Front 36

Whic ribs are false ribs?

Back 36

8-12

Front 37

How do ribs 8-10 articulate with the sternum?

Back 37

indirectly with sternum by attaching to the costal cartilage of the rib above

Front 38

How do ribs 11-12 articulate with the sternum?

Back 38

they don't

Front 39

what is the names for ribs 11 & 12?

Back 39

floating ribs

Front 40

What is the name for ribs that may or may not be present?

Back 40

supernumerary ribs

Front 41

what does supernumerary ribs mean?

Back 41

extra number of ribs

Front 42

What are two types of supernumerary ribs?

Back 42

cervical and lumbar

Front 43

How do supernumerary cervical ribs form?

Back 43

result of an elongation of transverse process of 7th cervical vertebrae

Front 44

How does the supernumerary cervical ribs articulate with the sternum?

Back 44

Does not attach to sternum, but does attach to rib 1, often asymptomatic

Front 45

What can a supernumerary cervical rib cause that would need surgical removal?

Back 45

-It can cause pressure on brachial plexus
-It can compress subclavian artery and increase resistance to blood flow

Front 46

What results from the elongation of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae?

Back 46

supernumerary lumbar ribs, less common than cervical ribs

Front 47

What is the structure formed by fused by the costal cartilage of ribs near 7-10?

Back 47

costal margin

Front 48

What is the costal arch?

Back 48

arch-like structure formed by the two costal margins (left and right) put together..is easy to palpate

Front 49

What runs the entire length of the rib but doesn't include the costal cartilage?

Back 49

Costal groove

Front 50

where is the costal groove located?

Back 50

along the inner surface of the rib near its inferior border

Front 51

Where is the neurovascular bundle?

Back 51

found in the costal groove

Front 52

What is the neurovascular bundles' spatial orientation?

Back 52

V-Intercostal vein (superior)
A-Intercostal Artery (middle)
N-Intercostal nerve (inferior)

Front 53

Where does the needle for a thoracocentesis go?

Back 53

it is passed through the middle of ICS to avoid neurovascular bundle

Front 54

Where do you insert the needle for an intercostal nerve block?

Back 54

adjacent to the rib so as to infiltrate intercostal nerve

Front 55

What is the rib orientation of the adults?

Back 55

oblique

Front 56

What is the rib orientation of babies & young children?

Back 56

horizontal

Front 57

Describe oblique orientation of adult ribs

Back 57

sternal attachment is at a lower horizontal level than the vertebral attachment
-more pronounce as you descend rib cage, lower ribs are more obliquely oriented than higher ribs

Front 58

Describe elevation of ribs during inspiration of an adult

Back 58

Sternal end of ribs become more elevated so that the ribs become for horizontal...leads to elevation of rib cage

Front 59

Which ribs, upper or lower, undergo more movement during inspiration in an adult?

Back 59

lower ribs become more elevated than upper ribs d/t their greater obliqueness, they undergo more movement

Front 60

Where is the largest distribution of airflow during inspiration?

Back 60

the bases

Front 61

What is the rib orientation of a baby or young child?

Back 61

horizontal

Front 62

when do babies and young childrens' ribs become more oblique?

Back 62

age 2

Front 63

Sternal and vertebral attachment of the ribs of babies and young children

Back 63

at the same level

Front 64

What does the horizontal orientation of the ribs of babies and young children cause?

Back 64

rib cage is not very expandable, doesn't play important role in expansion of lungs, very little air movement as a result of enlargement of rib cage

Front 65

What is primarily responsible for enlargement of the lungs in babies and young children?

Back 65

diaphragm

Front 66

In babies or young children, the diaphragm displaces what for the lungs to expand?

Back 66

abdomen

Front 67

In diaphragmatic breathers, how does diaphragm move on inspiration?

Back 67

diaphragm descends and puts pressure on abdominal contents and abdomen moves outward

Front 68

In diaphragmatic breathers, how does diaphragm move on expiration?

Back 68

diaphragm ascends back to resting position and abdominal wall retracts inward

Front 69

What orientation of the ribs allows for the most movement of the thorax during inspiration?

Back 69

oblique

Front 70

What are the areas b/t the ribs called?

Back 70

intercostal spaces

Front 71

How many pairs of intercostal spaces do we have?

Back 71

11

Front 72

What are the 3 main parts of the sternum?

Back 72

-manubrium
-body of the sternum
-xiphoid process

Front 73

what is the uppermost portion of the sternum?

Back 73

manubrium

Front 74

What is the 3 important features of the manubrium?

Back 74

jugular notch
sternal angle
manubriosternal joint

Front 75

What is another name for the jugular notch?

Back 75

suprasternal notch

Front 76

what is another name for the sternal angle?

Back 76

angle of louis

Front 77

Where is the jugular notch located?

Back 77

concave area located along superior border of manubrium

Front 78

What is located directly posterior to the jugular notch?

Back 78

trachea

Front 79

Horizontal line through the jugular notch will intersect which vertebra?

Back 79

2nd thoracic vertebra

Front 80

T2 is landmark for what?

Back 80

mid-point of trachea, which is ideal location for the tip of the endotracheal tube

Front 81

what is the area where manubrium articulates with body of the sternum?

Back 81

sternal angle (angle of louis)
slightly raised and palpable

Front 82

Sternal angle serves as landmark for what?

Back 82

1. where 2nd rib articulates anteriorly with the sternum via its costal cartilage (used for ekg lead)
2. horizontal line through it intersects posteriorly w/ ivd of t4 & t5
3. horizontal line through it corresponds w/ bifurcation of trachea (or carina)
4. horizontal line through it divides mediastinum into superior and inferior

Front 83

what is the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum?

Back 83

manubriosternal joint

Front 84

What is also located where the sternal angle is located?

Back 84

manubriosternal joint

Front 85

What is the function of the manubriosternal joint?

Back 85

fxns as a hinge, allows for movement of the body of the sternum which helps to enlarge the thorax during inspiration and expiration

Front 86

During inspiration, how does the body of the sternum move?

Back 86

outward

Front 87

during expiration, how does the body of the sternum move?

Back 87

inward

Front 88

what forms the body of the sternum?

Back 88

the fusion of 4 sternabrae

Front 89

What is the middle, largest portion of the sternum?

Back 89

body

Front 90

When is the fusion of the body of the sternum complete?

Back 90

25 yrs

Front 91

lowermost and smallest portion of the sternum

Back 91

xiphoid process

Front 92

is the xiphoid process really a bone by itself?

Back 92

no

Front 93

Where does the xiphoid process lie?

Back 93

anterior to the upper portion of the abdominal cavity

Front 94

what happens if xiphoid process is broken during cpr?

Back 94

it could lacerate organs located in upper abdomen

Front 95

How does rib 1 attach to the sternum?

Back 95

rib 1 articulates w/ manubrium

Front 96

How does rib 2 attach to the sternum?

Back 96

rib 2 articulates to the manubrium and body (sternal angle)

Front 97

How does ribs 3,4,5,6 attach to the sternum?

Back 97

they articulate with the body of the sternum

Front 98

How does rib 7 attach to the sternum?

Back 98

It articulates with the body and the xiphoid process

Front 99

What is the intercostal muscles?

Back 99

3 layers of skeletal muscle tissue located w/i the intercostal spaces, 11 pairs of them

Front 100

What does the contraction of the intercostal muscle cause?

Back 100

leads to the expansion and retraction of the rib cage during breathing

Front 101

what is the outermost layer of the intercostal muscle?

Back 101

external intercostal layer

Front 102

how do the mm fibers of the external intercostal layer run?

Back 102

obliquely, in downward and forward direction

Front 103

What is the middle layer of the intercostal muscle?

Back 103

internal intercostal layer

Front 104

Where does the internal intercostal layer lie?

Back 104

right beneath the external intercostal layer

Front 105

How do the mm fibers of the internal intercostal layer run?

Back 105

obliquely, in downward and backward direction

Front 106

Characteristics of the innermost intercostal layer?

Back 106

very thin, sparsely distributed, primarily found in lower ICS's

Front 107

Will upper ICS's have innermost intercostal layer associated with them?

Back 107

probably not

Front 108

How do the mm fibers run in the innermost intercostal mm layer?

Back 108

run obliquely, downward and backward

Front 109

Innermost intercostal mm layers are usually lumped together with what?

Back 109

the internal intercostals

Front 110

Does the innermost intercostal layer have function?

Back 110

alone they have little fxn

Front 111

how many pair of intercostal nerves?

Back 111

11

Front 112

what innervates the intercostal mm?

Back 112

intercostal nerves

Front 113

Where do the intercostal nerves originate from?

Back 113

SC segments T1-T11

Front 114

what is the subcostal nerve?

Back 114

T12 spinal nerve

Front 115

Where is the subcostal nerve located?

Back 115

in the costal groove of rib 12

Front 116

What does the subcostal nerve innervate?

Back 116

muscles and skin below the rib cage, it is responsible for promoting contraction of the muscle

Front 117

what forms the floor of the thorax?

Back 117

diaphragm, dome shaped mm

Front 118

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity?

Back 118

diaphragm

Front 119

What is the diaphragm composed of?

Back 119

two hemi-diaphragms which fuse together and fxn as a single unit

Front 120

Can only one hemi-diaphragm be functional?

Back 120

Yes, one can be paralyzed and be asymptomatic

Front 121

How do you determine if one hemi-diaphragm is non-functional?

Back 121

fluroscopy by the sniff test

Front 122

In fluroscopy, what happens to the non-functioning hemi-diaphragm?

Back 122

it ascends into the thorax and normal functioning half will descend

Front 123

the diaphragm is composed of what type of mm?

Back 123

skeletal mm

Front 124

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

Back 124

phrenic nerves (c3-c5)

Front 125

Which hemi-diaphragm is slightly higher?

Back 125

right

Front 126

Why is right hemi-diaphragm slightly higher than left?

Back 126

-weight of heart is pushing down on the left hemi-diaphragm
-may be b/c liver is pushing up on right side

Front 127

What are the locations of origin of the skeletal mm fibers comprising the diaphragm?

Back 127

1. internal surface of xiphoid
2. internal surface of the costal margin (costal arch)
3. internal surface of ribs 11 & 12
4. transverse processes of vertebrae T12 and L1
5. body of vertebrae L1 and L2

Front 128

area of connective tissue that is insertion point of the mm tissue of the diaphragm

Back 128

central tendon

Front 129

Highest point of the diaphragm

Back 129

central tendon, located at top of dome, so mm fibers project upward and inward

Front 130

How many leaflets compose the central tendon?

Back 130

3, right-middle-left

Front 131

what does the middle leaflet cover?

Back 131

pericardium-fibers fuse with central tendon, as diaphragm descends, it also pulls on pericardium

Front 132

Where is the contraction of the diaphragm located?

Back 132

central tendon

Front 133

when diaphragm contracts, how does the central tendon move?

Back 133

downward and diaphragm descends during inspiration

Front 134

what are the 3 major diaphragmatic openings?

Back 134

1. vena cava foramen
2. esophageal hiatus
3. aortic hiatus

Front 135

another name for the vena cava foramen?

Back 135

caval opening

Front 136

What passes through the vena cava foramen?

Back 136

inferior vena cava

Front 137

at what level does the vena cava foramen occur?

Back 137

T8

Front 138

What comprises the esophageal hiatus?

Back 138

esophagus and portions of the vagus nerve

Front 139

where does the vagus nerve run?

Back 139

along the walls of the esophagus

Front 140

Where does the esophagus pass from the thorax into the abdominal cavity?

Back 140

esophageal hiatus

Front 141

at what level does the esophageal hiatus occur?

Back 141

T10

Front 142

what happens when there is a weakening in the diaphragm?

Back 142

hiatal hernia: causes abdominal contents to protrude through esophageal hiatus into thoracic cavity

Front 143

what opening is associated with the diaphragm?

Back 143

aortic hiatus

Front 144

does the aortic hiatus pass through the diaphragm?

Back 144

no

Front 145

Where does the aortic hiatus occur?

Back 145

retrodiaphragmatically, occurs posterior to the diaphragm where the aorta passes through

Front 146

What fibers do the aorta lie behind?

Back 146

fibers that originate from L1 & L2 and project upward to help form the diaphragm

Front 147

At what level does the aortic hiatus occur?

Back 147

T12

Front 148

At end of normal expiration, at what levels do we find the 3 major diaphragmatic openings?

Back 148

Vena cava foramen: T8
Esophageal hiatus: T10
Aortic hiatus: T12

Front 149

what are the two congenital defects of the diaphragm?

Back 149

a.Patent posterolateral foramen of Bochdalek
b.Patent foramen of Morgagni

Front 150

What is another name for the patent posterolateral foramen of bockdalek?

Back 150

Posterior pleuralperitoneal hiatus/foramen/canal

Front 151

What is another name for the patent foramen of Morgagni?

Back 151

Anterior pleuralperitoneal hiatus/foramen/canal

Front 152

What are the paired openings found posterolaterally in the fetal diaphragm?

Back 152

patent posterolateral foramen of bochdalek

Front 153

What leads to the diaphragmatic hernia?

Back 153

failure of the patent posterolateral foramen of bochdalek to close

Front 154

What is the most common form of congenital diaphragmatic hernias in newborns?

Back 154

bochdalek's hernia

Front 155

Which side does the bochdalek's hernia commonly occur?

Back 155

left

Front 156

Why is the bochdalek's hernia life threatening?

Back 156

abdominal contents will move to the thorax and there isn't enough room for lung development

Front 157

what is the name for the area of connective tissue present in the adult where the Foramen of bochdalek had been?

Back 157

lumbocostal triange

Front 158

what is another name for the lumbocostal triangle?

Back 158

vertebralcostal triangle

Front 159

Which foramen if located along the lateral aspects of the sternum b/t the sternal and costal fibers?

Back 159

Patent foramen of morgagni

Front 160

Which congenital defect is much smaller and less like to become a problem?

Back 160

Patent foramen of morgagni

Front 161

Which hernia is much more less common?

Back 161

Morgagni's

Front 162

Which side is morgagni's hernia more commonly found?

Back 162

right

Front 163

which congenital defect of the diaphragm usually heals by itself?

Back 163

patent foramen of morgagni

Front 164

What is the name for the area of connective tissue present in adult where foramen of morgagni had been in fetal development?

Back 164

Sternocostal triangle

Front 165

what is a non-congenital defect of the diaphragmn?

Back 165

rupture of the diaphragm and subsequent herniation

Front 166

what could a sudden large increase in intrathoracic or intraabdominal pressure cause?

Back 166

rupture of the diaphragm and subsequent herniation

Front 167

What is the most common cause of a ruptured diaphragm?

Back 167

MVA

Front 168

which side of the body do you usually see the rupture of the diaphragm and subsequent herniation?

Back 168

left side

Front 169

In which area of the body do you usually see diaphragm rupture and subsequent herniation?

Back 169

lumbocostal triangle

Front 170

what is the lumbocostal triange?

Back 170

an area of weakness made up of connective tissue, it lacks muscle fibers

Front 171

What two different types of nerves innervate the diaphragm?

Back 171

phrenic and lower intercostal nerves

Front 172

What innervates the left and right hemidiaphragms?

Back 172

the right phrenic nerve and the left phrenic nerve

Front 173

Where does the phrenic nerves originate from?

Back 173

C3,4,5

Front 174

How do the phrenic nerves pass down and supply the diaphragm?

Back 174

come from neck area and pass down along outer surface of pericardium then branch out to supply the diaphragm

Front 175

Are phrenic nerves sensory or motor?

Back 175

both

Front 176

What provides all the motor innervation to the entire diaphragm?

Back 176

phrenic nerve

Front 177

What portions of the diaphragm do the phrenic nerve supply sensory information?

Back 177

to all but most peripheral areas of the diaphragm

Front 178

Where is pain referred to that originates from C3,4,5?

Back 178

in the shoulder area

Front 179

what supplies sensory information to most peripheral areas of the diaphragm?

Back 179

lower intercostal nerves

Front 180

Where is pain felt that originates in the most peripheral regions of the diaphragm?

Back 180

directly over area of insult

Front 181

Does the intercostal nerves supply any motor fxn to the diaphragm?

Back 181

no

Front 182

Does the most peripheral portions of the diaphragm receive innervation via the phrenic nerve?

Back 182

no

Front 183

How do the most peripheral portions of the diaphragm undergo contraction?

Back 183

NMJ is in middle of muscle fiber, so it runs entire length of mm so the AP is propogated all the way down

Front 184

What does end expiration mean?

Back 184

it means the we are talking about the position of the diaphragm during end expiration

Front 185

what is the uppermost (highest) portion of the diaphragm?

Back 185

dome, cupula, cupola, apex

Front 186

Does the diaphragm ascend or descend after inspiration?

Back 186

descend

Front 187

does the diaphragm ascend or descend after expiration?

Back 187

ascends

Front 188

How many parts are there to the dome of the diaphragm?

Back 188

2

Front 189

Where is the dome of the right hemidiaphragm located?

Back 189

(higher) 5th rib

Front 190

where is the dome of the left hemidiaphragm located?

Back 190

(lower) 5th ics

Front 191

what are the 4 major factors affecting the position of the diaphragm?

Back 191

a. recoil of the lungs
b. forces exerted on the upper surface of the diaphragm by thoracic viscera
c. forces exerted on the undersurface of the diaphragm by abdominal viscera
d. intraabdominal pressure r/t adbominal mm activity

Front 192

To which surface of the diaphragm is the lungs attached?

Back 192

upper surface

Front 193

greater recoil of the lungs has what affect on the position of diaphragm?

Back 193

greater lung recoil, the higher the position of the diaphragm

Front 194

increased connective tissue fibers are seen in what type of lung disease?

Back 194

fibrotic lung disease

Front 195

What effect does fibrotic lung disease have upon lung recoil and the position of the diaphragm?

Back 195

lungs have greater recoil, and this will put the diaphragm up much higher

Front 196

In which condition does the heart become distended with blood and extra weight pushes left hemidiaphragm to a lower level

Back 196

chf

Front 197

What condition causes lungs to fill up w/ excess fluid/blood and push diaphragm down to a lower level?

Back 197

pulmonary edema

Front 198

what are two conditions that present forces exerted on upper surface of diaphragm?

Back 198

chf, pulmonary edema

Front 199

What are the two forces that act on undersurface of the diaphragm by abdominal viscera?

Back 199

pregnancy, recumbency

Front 200

in what two conditions would you see the diaphragm at a higher level?

Back 200

pregnancy
recumbency

Front 201

as abdominal mm contract, what happens to the intra-abdominal pressure?

Back 201

increases

Front 202

when abdominal mm's contract, what effect does this have on the diaphragm?

Back 202

it causes it to be at a higher level

Front 203

do you see a greater degree of abdominal mm tone when sitting or standing?

Back 203

standing

Front 204

is the diaphragm at a higher level when sitting or standing?

Back 204

standing

Front 205

how far does the diaphragm move when at rest?

Back 205

1-2cm

Front 206

how far does the diaphragm descend with a maximal inspiration?

Back 206

as mcuh as 10cm

Front 207

cone-shaped structures located almost entirely w/i thorax and a portion extends into the base of the neck

Back 207

lungs

Front 208

does the lungs occupy the mediastinal area?

Back 208

no, entire thorax except for that area

Front 209

what possess a framework/stroma of fibroelastic tissue?

Back 209

lungs

Front 210

uppermost portion of the lung?

Back 210

apex,cupola,cupula

Front 211

what projects outward through the superior thoracic aperture into the base of the neck?

Back 211

apex of the lungs

Front 212

where exactly does the apex of the lung sit?

Back 212

about 1 inch above the superior thoracic aperture and posterior to the medial1/3 of the clavicle

Front 213

what do you need to be aware of when inserting the swan ganz or cvp lines?

Back 213

the exact position of the apex of the lungs. 1 inch above superior thoracic aperture and posterior to the medial 1/3 of the clavicle

Front 214

what are the 3 external surfaces associated with the lungs?

Back 214

costal surface
mediastinal surface (medial)
diaphragmatic surface

Front 215

what is another name for the mediastinal surface of the lung?

Back 215

medial surface

Front 216

portion of lung lying adjacent to the rib cage (entire lateral aspect)

Back 216

costal surface

Front 217

portion of lung lying adjacent to the mediastinum (medial surface) of the lung

Back 217

mediastinal surface

Front 218

what portion of the lung rests on top of the diaphragm?

Back 218

diaphragmatic surface

Front 219

which surface of the lung is concave in shape?

Back 219

diaphragmatic surface

Front 220

what are 3 borders associated w/ the lungs?

Back 220

anterior, posterior, inferior

Front 221

thin, narrow wedge-shaped piece of lung tissue found along anterior medial edge

Back 221

anterior border

Front 222

where costal surface and mediastinal surface of lung meet anteriorly, extends from apex to base of lung

Back 222

anterior border

Front 223

a broad rounded area along the posterior medial edge

Back 223

posterior border

Front 224

where costal surface and mediastinal surface of the lung meet posteriorly, extends from apex to base of lung

Back 224

posterior border

Front 225

a thin wedge-shaped piece of lung tissue located along the periphery of the base

Back 225

inferior border

Front 226

what border of lung is along base of lung where diaphragmatic surface meets costal and mediastinal surface

Back 226

inferior border

Front 227

which border of the lung curves and follows along the shape of the lung base

Back 227

inferior border

Front 228

is the inferior border horizontal?

Back 228

no

Front 229

where does the anterior inferior border of the lung lie at MCL at end expiration?

Back 229

inferior border lies adjacent (posteriorly) to rib 6

Front 230

where does the lateral inferior border of the lung lie at Midaxillary line?

Back 230

adjacent to rib 8

Front 231

where does the posterior, lateral to vertebral column, inferior border of the lung lie?

Back 231

adjacent to rib 10

Front 232

Inferior border of lung levels are:

Back 232

risb 6, 8, 10

Front 233

Diaphragmatic openings are at levels:

Back 233

T8, T10, T12

Front 234

Parietal pleura lower edges are:

Back 234

ribs 8-10-12

Front 235

which lung has 3 lobes?

Back 235

right

Front 236

names of the 3 lobes of the right lung?

Back 236

superior (upper), middle, and inferior (lower)

Front 237

deep clefts that separate the lobes of the lungs?

Back 237

fissures

Front 238

how many fissures does the right lung have?

Back 238

2

Front 239

Names of the 2 fissures of the right lung?

Back 239

horizontal fissure
oblique fissure

Front 240

In right lung, what is in horizontal plane that seperates upper and middle lobes?

Back 240

horizontal fissure

Front 241

what separates the middle from the lower lobe in the right lung?

Back 241

oblique fissure

Front 242

left lung consists of how many lobes?

Back 242

2

Front 243

what are the names of the lobes of the left lung?

Back 243

superior (upper)
inferior (lower)

Front 244

how many fissures does the left lung have?

Back 244

1

Front 245

what is separates the upper from lower lobe in the left lung?

Back 245

oblique fissure

Front 246

portion of the upper (superior) left lobe that is reduced in size d/t presence of the heart on the left side of the thorax

Back 246

cardiac notch

Front 247

which lung is taller?

Back 247

left

Front 248

why is left lung taller?

Back 248

taller d/t heart pushing down on left diaphragm

Front 249

which lung is wider?

Back 249

right

Front 250

why is the right lung wider?

Back 250

it is wider b/c the cardiac notch adn heart on the left side of heart decrease width

Front 251

which lung has greater volume?

Back 251

right

Front 252

why does right lung have greater volume?

Back 252

width of right is greater

Front 253

which lung is heavier?

Back 253

right

Front 254

why is right lung heavier?

Back 254

higher capacity of right lung, thus more pulmonary blood flow

Front 255

what is separates the upper from lower lobe in the left lung?

Back 255

oblique fissure

Front 256

portion of the upper (superior) left lobe that is reduced in size d/t presence of the heart on the left side of the thorax

Back 256

cardiac notch

Front 257

name for the root of the lung?

Back 257

hilum/hilus

Front 258

slightly depressed area located near the center of the mediastinal (medial) surface of the lung

Back 258

hilum/hilus

Front 259

area from which airwarys/vessels/nerves enter and exit the lungs

Back 259

hilum/hilus

Front 260

structures located at the hilum

Back 260

a. primary bronchi
b. pulmonary arteries/veins
c. bronchial arteries/veins
d. lymph vessels/nodes (hilar)
e. pulmonary nerve plexus

Front 261

what makes up the pulmonary nerve plexus fibers?

Back 261

fibers from the SNS and PSNS

Front 262

Where does the sympathetic innervation of the pulmonary plexus originate from?

Back 262

preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers via the lateral horns of nerves T2-T6

Front 263

What nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation to the lungs?

Back 263

vagus

Front 264

what are two main components of bloody supply to the lungs?

Back 264

bronchial and pulmonary circulation

Front 265

bronchial vessels are part of?

Back 265

systemic circulatory system

Front 266

What supplies blood to the stroma of the lungs (bronchi)...fibroelastic tissue?

Back 266

bronchial circulation

Front 267

what supplies blood to the parenchyma of the lungs (alveoli)?

Back 267

pulmonary circulation

Front 268

what provides lympathic drainage of the lungs?

Back 268

superficial lymphatic plexus and deep lymphatic plexus

Front 269

another name for the superficial lymphatic plexus?

Back 269

subpleural lymphatic plexus/network

Front 270

lymph vv located at/near surface of the lungs, immediately underneath the visceral pleura

Back 270

superficial lymphatic plexus

Front 271

what receives lymph from vv of the superficial lymphatic plexus/subpleural lymphatic plexus?

Back 271

bronchopulmonary/hilar lymph nodes

Front 272

what drains lymph from outermost portion of the lungs?

Back 272

superficial lymphatic plexus/subpleural lymphatic plexus

Front 273

what drains lymph from the bulk of the lungs?

Back 273

deep lymphatic plexus

Front 274

what is the origin of the vessels (lymph capillaries) of the deep plexus?

Back 274

at the level of the terminal bronchioles

Front 275

vessels of the deep lymphatic plexus drain its lymph into what?

Back 275

pulmonary lymph nodes

Front 276

where are the pulmonary lymph nodes located?

Back 276

w/i lung itself

Front 277

where does lymph go after draining into the pulmonary lymph nodes?

Back 277

bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes

Front 278

where does lymph go after draining through the bronchopulmonary nodes?

Back 278

exits the lung

Front 279

majority of the lungs will drain lymph into what?

Back 279

deep lymphatic plexus

Front 280

what portion of the lung is free of lymph vessels?

Back 280

gas exchange portion of the lung...resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs...

Front 281

where does lymph from left lung drain to?

Back 281

thoracic duct

Front 282

where does lymph from the right lung drain?

Back 282

into one of the smaller right lymphatic ducts then into right subclavian vein

Front 283

what supplies nerve stimulation to the lungs?

Back 283

pulmonary plexus

Front 284

most sensory info coming from the lungs is sent over?

Back 284

vagus nerve

Front 285

are there pain sensations being sent from lungs?

Back 285

no, no pain receptors in lungs

Front 286

motor innervation of the lungs is provided by what type of fibers?

Back 286

PSNF and sympathetic nerve fibers

Front 287

parasympathetic innervation by the vagus causes what effects to the lungs?

Back 287

a. contraction of sm mm. of bronchial airways (constriction of airways)
b. promotes mucus secretion by the mucus glands only

Front 288

does the sympathetic nerve fibers have strong control over the airways?

Back 288

no, not a big player in airway dilation

Front 289

what activates B2 receptors in sm mm of airways?

Back 289

circulating catecholamines (epi,NE)

Front 290

circulating catecholamines ultimately effects sm mm in lungs how?

Back 290

relaxation of sm mm of airways, dilation of bronchial airways

Front 291

pleural membranes are what type of membranes?

Back 291

serous

Front 292

pleural membranes do what 3 things?

Back 292

a. line thoracic cavity
b. form lateral walls of mediastinum
c. cover the lungs

Front 293

what produces a small amt of watery solution?

Back 293

serous membranes

Front 294

watery secretion that is specifically secreted by the parietal pleura

Back 294

pleural (serous) fluid

Front 295

two types of pleural membranes?

Back 295

visceral and parietal

Front 296

portion of pleural membrane that covers and is attached to the lung surface?

Back 296

visceral pleura

Front 297

what expands and retracts during breathing just like the lung?

Back 297

visceral pleura

Front 298

portion of the pleural membrane that lines the thoracic cavity, forms lateral walls of mediastinum, and covers the cupula (apex) of the lung

Back 298

parietal pleura

Front 299

what is continuous w/ visceral pleura at the hilum

Back 299

parietal pleura

Front 300

visceral pleura folds back upon itself in the area of the hilum to create the?

Back 300

parietal pleura

Front 301

4 subdivisions of parietal pleura?

Back 301

a. mediastinal pleura
b. cervical pleura
c. costal pleura
d. diaphragmatic pleura

Front 302

portion of parietal pleura that forms the lateral walls of the mediastinum?

Back 302

mediastinal pleura

Front 303

as visceral pleura folds back on itself, it immediately becomes the ?

Back 303

mediastinal pleura

Front 304

portion of parietal pleura that covers the apex of the lung, it is above the clavicle

Back 304

cervical pleura

Front 305

portion of the parietal pleura that lines and is attached to the inner aspect of the rib cage

Back 305

costal pleura

Front 306

during inspiration, which pleura expands and retracts w/ the rib cage?

Back 306

costal pleura

Front 307

part of parietal pleura that covers and is attached to upper surface of diaphragm

Back 307

diaphragmatic pleura

Front 308

during breathing, which pleura ascends and descends w/ the diaphragm?

Back 308

diaphragmatic pleura

Front 309

the lowermost edge of the parietal pleura can be found?

Back 309

2 rib lengths below inferior border of the lung
(MCL,MAL,LVC)

Front 310

where is the lowermost edge of the parietal pleura at the MCL?

Back 310

8th rib

Front 311

where is the lowermost edge of the parietal pleura at the MAL?

Back 311

10th rib

Front 312

where is the lowermost edge of the parietal pleura that is posteriorly lateral to the vertebral column?

Back 312

level of the 12th rib

Front 313

under normal conditions, is there a space b/t the parietal and visceral pleura?

Back 313

no, just a potential space

Front 314

what holds the visceral and parietal pleura together?

Back 314

pleural fluid

Front 315

what is the potential space that exists b/t the visceral and parietal pleura?

Back 315

pleural cavity

Front 316

When does the pleural cavity become a true space?

Back 316

in certain abnormal conditions that cause separation of visceral and parietal pleura (pneumo)

Front 317

is the lung located in the pleural cavity?

Back 317

no

Front 318

what structures are located in the pleural cavity?

Back 318

none

Front 319

an area where the parietal pleura folds back on itself

Back 319

pleural reflection

Front 320

the two pleural reflections that we are concerned w/?

Back 320

costal and sternal reflection

Front 321

fold where costal pleura bends back to form the diaphragmatic pleura?

Back 321

costal reflection

Front 322

fold where costal pleura bends back to form the mediastinal pleura, adjacent to the lateral border of the sternum?

Back 322

sternal reflection

Front 323

space lined w/i the pleural reflection?

Back 323

pleural sinus/recess

Front 324

Is the pleural sinus a true or potential space at end expiration?

Back 324

potential space

Front 325

during inspiration, is the pleural sinus a real or potential space?

Back 325

lungs expand and fill in the space

Front 326

2 major recesses

Back 326

a. costomediastinal sinus
b. costodiaphragmatic sinus

Front 327

space located w/i the sternal reflection, b/t the costal pleura and mediastinal pleura?

Back 327

costomediastinal sinus

Front 328

Where is the costomediastinal sinus the largest?

Back 328

left border of the sternum

Front 329

what is most accessible on the left sternal border at the 4th ICS?

Back 329

costomediastinal sinus

Front 330

Where is the pericardial sac the most accessible?

Back 330

left sternal border at the 4th ICS

Front 331

which breathing instructions would you give to do a pericardial tap?

Back 331

at end expiration

Front 332

what is a safer technique for a pericardial tap?

Back 332

left para-xiphoid approach

Front 333

describe left para-xiphoid approach for a pericardial tap

Back 333

insert needle below and to the left of the xiphoid process through floor of the diaphragm through the central tendon

Front 334

space located w/i the costal reflection b/t costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura?

Back 334

costodiaphragmatic sinus

Front 335

during expiration is the costodiaphragmatic sinus a real or potential space?

Back 335

potential, costal and diaphragmatic pleura are adhered to one another

Front 336

during inspiration, is the costodiaphragmatic sinus a real or potential space?

Back 336

real, lung can move down into it

Front 337

where is the costodiaphragmatic sinus located ..border wise?

Back 337

bottom portion of the rib cage, extending along the inferior border of the thorax

Front 338

where is the costodiaphragmatic sinus the largest and most accessible?

Back 338

lateral inferior border of the thorax

Front 339

which sinus is often used to drain blood/fluid from pleural cavity

Back 339

costodiaphragmatic sinus

Front 340

which sinus can also be used to obtain a liver biopsy?

Back 340

costodiaphragmatic sinus

Front 341

what supplies the visceral pleura with its blood supply?

Back 341

bronchial arteries

Front 342

where is the costodiaphragmatic sinus located ..border wise?

Back 342

bottom portion of the rib cage, extending along the inferior border of the thorax

Front 343

where is the costodiaphragmatic sinus the largest and most accessible?

Back 343

lateral inferior border of the thorax

Front 344

which sinus is often used to drain blood/fluid from pleural cavity

Back 344

costodiaphragmatic sinus

Front 345

which sinus can also be used to obtain a liver biopsy?

Back 345

costodiaphragmatic sinus

Front 346

what supplies the visceral pleura with its blood supply?

Back 346

bronchial arteries

Front 347

venous drainage of the visceral pleura is returned via the?

Back 347

bronchial veins

Front 348

what provides arterial blood supply to the costal pleura?

Back 348

intercostal arteries

Front 349

what provides arterial blood supply to the mediastinal pleura?

Back 349

internal thoracic artery

Front 350

How is venous drainage returned from the parietal pleura (costal & mediastinal)?

Back 350

returned by their corresponding veins
(costal...intercostal veins
mediastinal...thoracic veins)

Front 351

what surrounds and is attached to the lung?

Back 351

visceral pleura

Front 352

parietal pleura drains into a number of ?

Back 352

lymph nodes

Front 353

costal pleuras lymph drains into ?

Back 353

intercostal lymph nodes

Front 354

diaphragmatic pleuras' lymph drains into the ?

Back 354

diaphragmatic lymph nodes

Front 355

drainage from the diaphragmatic lymph nodes then goes into the?

Back 355

phrenic lymph nodes

Front 356

mediastinal pleura lymph drains into?

Back 356

mediastinal lymph nodes

Front 357

lymph drainage from the mediastinal lymph nodes then drains into the?

Back 357

phrenic lymph nodes

Front 358

is there sensory or motor innervation to the pleura?

Back 358

only sensory

Front 359

why is there no motor innervation to the pleura?

Back 359

b/c there are no glands or muscles, only a thin layer of epithelial tissue

Front 360

sensory info from visceral pleura is sent over the ?

Back 360

pulmonary plexus, primarily PSNF of vagus

Front 361

is there pain receptors in the visceral pleura?

Back 361

no

Front 362

does parietal pleura have pain receptors?

Back 362

yes

Front 363

pain originating in parietal pleura

Back 363

pleurisy

Front 364

what transmits pain of the costal pleura?

Back 364

intercostal nerves T1-T11

Front 365

mediastinal pleura sends sensory information over which nerves?

Back 365

phrenic

Front 366

cervical pleura sends sensory info over?

Back 366

phrenic

Front 367

all but the most peripheral areas of the diaphragmatic pleura esnd sensory info over?

Back 367

phrenic nerve

Front 368

pain of the diaphragmatic pleura is referred to?

Back 368

shoulder/neck area

Front 369

most peripheral areas of the diaphragmatic pleura sends sensory information over?

Back 369

lower intercostal nerves probably T12 nerve, subcostal

Front 370

Where will you feel pain from the parietal peritoneum?

Back 370

right over area of insult

Front 371

serous membrane that lines the undersurface of the diaphragm?

Back 371

parietal peritoneum

Front 372

all but the most peripheral areas of the parietal peritoneum on the lower side of the diaphragm, send sensory info over the?

Back 372

phrenic nerve

Front 373

most peripheral areas of the undersurface of the diaphragm send sensory info over?

Back 373

lower intercostal nerves or most probably T12 nerve, subcostal

Front 374

area of the thorax located b/t the lungs?

Back 374

mediastinum

Front 375

what is bounded anteriorly by the sternum,posteriorly by thoracic vertebrae, and laterally by the mediastinal pleura?

Back 375

mediastinum

Front 376

mediastinum extends from where to where?

Back 376

superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm below

Front 377

imaginary horizontal line through the sternal angle to the posterior, intersects with?

Back 377

intersects posteriorly w/ the IVD b/t 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae

Front 378

Imaginary horizontal line at the sternal angle divides mediastinum into?

Back 378

superior & inferior mediastinum

Front 379

Superior mediastinum extends from?

Back 379

superior thoracic aperture to the imaginary horizontal line at sternal angle

Front 380

what would you find in the superior mediastinum?

Back 380

trachea,esophagus,vagus nerves on esophageal wall, aortic arch, thymus gland, phrenic nerves, Superior vena cava, major arteries arising from aorta (carotid,brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian),
sympathetic trunk

Front 381

inferior mediastinum extends from?

Back 381

imaginary line at sternal angle to the diaphragm

Front 382

inferior mediastinum is divided into?

Back 382

anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

Front 383

what is located directly behind the sternum and is very narrow, in front of pericardium?

Back 383

anterior mediastinum

Front 384

what is contained in the anterior mediastinum?

Back 384

mediastinal lymph nodes
sm amt of adipose tissue
portion of thymus

Front 385

what is immediately posterior to anterior mediastinum?

Back 385

middle mediastinum

Front 386

widest portion of the mediastinum

Back 386

middle mediastinum

Front 387

what is contained in middle mediastinum?

Back 387

pericardial sac, phrenic nerves that lie along the pericardial sac, hear, roots of major blood vv entering or exiting heart

Front 388

located just behind the middle mediastinum

Back 388

posterior mediastinum

Front 389

what is contained in the posterior mediastinum?

Back 389

esophagus, vagus nerves, primary bronchi, azygos vein

Front 390

what connects the IVC and SVC

Back 390

azygos vein

Front 391

8 cranial bones

Back 391

frontal, parietal(2), occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, temportal (2)

Front 392

what are the 2 paired cranial bones?

Back 392

temporal and parietal

Front 393

Unpaired facial bones

Back 393

vomer and mandible

Front 394

paired facial bones

Back 394

maxilla
palatine
zygomatic
inferior nasal conchae/turbinates
lacrimal
nasal

Front 395

thin bone projects upward from hard palate

Back 395

vomer

Front 396

what helps form nasal septum

Back 396

vomer

Front 397

single midline facial bone

Back 397

vomer

Front 398

only moveable bone of the skull

Back 398

mandible

Front 399

What results if the two maxillae facial bones do not fuse?

Back 399

cleft lip

Front 400

what forms the the majority of the hard palate?

Back 400

2 maxilla bones

Front 401

What all forms the hard palate?

Back 401

2 palatine bones and 2 maxilla bones

Front 402

what forms w/ temporal bones to form the zygomatic arch?

Back 402

zygomatic (cheek) bones

Front 403

What is very susceptible to fracture due to only soft tissue lying behind the bone?

Back 403

zygomatic arch

Front 404

what contains opening of lacrimal tear ducts?

Back 404

lacrimal bones

Front 405

what passes down through the lacrimal bone?

Back 405

nasolacrimal duct

Front 406

what bones does the eye glasses rest upon?

Back 406

nasal bones

Front 407

which bone is relatively small when compared to the size of the nose?

Back 407

nasal bone

Front 408

which bone extends inferiorly and fuses w/ the vomer bone?

Back 408

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Front 409

what bones form 2/3 of the nasal septum?

Back 409

perpendicular plate of ethmoid and the vomer bone

Front 410

the palatine process of the maxilla and what bones together make up the hard palate?

Back 410

palatine bones

Front 411

which portion of the ethmoid bone protrudes upward?

Back 411

crista galli

Front 412

what passes through the cribriform plate of ethmoid?

Back 412

olfactory nerves

Front 413

what is classified as extrapulmonary airways?

Back 413

everything down to the lungs

Front 414

airways that transport gases to and from the gas exchange airways

Back 414

conductive airways

Front 415

portions of the airways in which gas exchange is occurring b/t pulmonary capillary blood & the airways

Back 415

gas exchange airways

Front 416

What is considered conducting airways?

Back 416

all extrapulmonary airways, intrapulmonary airways down to and including terminal bronchioles

Front 417

what is the last part of the conducting airways?

Back 417

terminal bronchioles

Front 418

what is referred to as the anatomical dead space?

Back 418

conducting airways

Front 419

why is conducting airways considered anatomical dead space?

Back 419

b/c there is no alveoli in these airways, therefore there is no gas exchange occurring

Front 420

conducting airways extend from where to where?

Back 420

extend from nose and mouth down to the terminal bronchioles

Front 421

what is considered the oral cavity?

Back 421

mouth

Front 422

oral cavity extends from where to where?

Back 422

extends from lips anteriorly to the palatoglossal fold posteriorly

Front 423

what is another name for the palatoglossal fold?

Back 423

anterior pillar

Front 424

fold of tissue located on each side of oral cavity that is due to the palatoglossal muscle?

Back 424

palatoglossal fold/anterior pillar

Front 425

what marks the posterior border of the oral cavity, after this you are in the oropharynx?

Back 425

palatoglossal fold

Front 426

what mm underlies the palatoglossal fold?

Back 426

palatoglossal mm

Front 427

which is more moveable, origin or insertion?

Back 427

insertion

Front 428

what forms the palatoglossal arch?

Back 428

two palatoglossal folds on each side

Front 429

another name for the palatoglossal arch?

Back 429

anterior arch

Front 430

what serves as a line of demarcation b/t the oral cavity and the oral pharynx?

Back 430

palatoglossal arch

Front 431

another name for the palatopharyngeal fold?

Back 431

posterior pillar

Front 432

fold of tissue on each side of oropharynx posterior to the palatoglossal folds?

Back 432

palatopharyngeal fold

Front 433

what causes the palatopharyngeal fold?

Back 433

the underlying palatopharyngeal muscle

Front 434

where does the palatopharyngeal mm originate from?

Back 434

the soft palate

Front 435

what makes up the palatopharyngeal arch?

Back 435

the two palatopharyngeal folds

Front 436

is the palatopharyngeal arch located in the oral cavity?

Back 436

no, in the oropharynx

Front 437

another name for the palatopharyngeal arch?

Back 437

posterior arch

Front 438

lymph nodal tissue located b/t palatoglossal (anterior) arch & palatopharyngeal(posterior) arch on each side of the oropharynx?

Back 438

palatine tonsil

Front 439

what is made up of two halves and functions as a single unit?

Back 439

tongue

Front 440

what forms the floor of the oral cavity?

Back 440

tongue

Front 441

divides the tongue into right and left halves?

Back 441

median sulcus

Front 442

what means "midline of the body"

Back 442

median

Front 443

right and left side of the tongue are innervated by which CN?

Back 443

XII hypoglossal

Front 444

what divides the tongue into anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3?

Back 444

terminal sulcus

Front 445

what is described as an inverted V?

Back 445

terminal sulcus

Front 446

each limb of the terminal sulcus originates from what?

Back 446

the palatoglossal (anterior) fold

Front 447

the terminal sulcus originates from the palatoglossal fold and projects posteriorly and medially towards the?

Back 447

foramen cecum

Front 448

area where each limb of the terminal sulcus join together?

Back 448

foramen cecum

Front 449

oral portion of the tongue

Back 449

body of the tongue

Front 450

anterior 2/3 of tongue

Back 450

body of the tongue/oral portion of the tongue

Front 451

pharyngeal portion of the tongue

Back 451

root of the tongue

Front 452

posterior 1/3 of tongue

Back 452

root of the tongue/pharyngeal portion of the tongue

Front 453

is the root of the tongue located in the oral cavity?

Back 453

no, it is the pharyngeal portion of tongue and is located in the oropharynx

Front 454

what type of sensations do the lingual nerve supply to the body of the tongue?

Back 454

general sensation: temp, pain, pressure, touch to anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Front 455

the lingual nerve is a branch off of what CN?

Back 455

trigeminal nerve (V3-mandibular division)

Front 456

what supplies taste sensations to anterior 2/3 of tongue?

Back 456

chorda tympani

Front 457

the chorda tympani is a branch off of what CN?

Back 457

facial nerve (VII)

Front 458

what two branches of nerves supply the body of the tongue?

Back 458

lingual nerve and chorda tympani

Front 459

what delivers sensation (taste & general) to the posterior 1/3(root) of the tongue?

Back 459

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Front 460

what sends sensory input (general/taste) from the center portion of root of the tongue?

Back 460

internal laryngeal nerve

Front 461

internal laryngeal nerve is a branch off of which nerve?

Back 461

superior laryngeal nerve

Front 462

superior laryngeal nerve is a branch off of which nerve?

Back 462

vagus

Front 463

which nerve sends sensory information from the anterior surface of the epiglottis?

Back 463

internal laryngeal nerve

Front 464

the taste buds present on the upper surface of the epiglottis at birth, get their sensory information from which nerve?

Back 464

internal laryngeal nerve

Front 465

another name for lingual tonsils?

Back 465

lingual nodules

Front 466

lingual tonsils are part of the oral cavity or oropharynx?

Back 466

oropharynx

Front 467

lymphatic tissue that lies at/near the surface of the pharyngeal portion of the tongue?

Back 467

lingual tonsils/nodules

Front 468

thin fold of connective tissue that connects the undersurface of the anterior portion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth(oral cavity)...a midline lying structure

Back 468

Lingual frenulum

Front 469

what is considered a safety muscle?

Back 469

genioglossus muscle

Front 470

origin and insertion of genioglossus muscle?

Back 470

origin: genio (chin, jaw)
insertion: glossa (tongue)

Front 471

why is genioglossus muscle considered a safety muscle?

Back 471

keeps tongue from falling back and occluding airway. this mm can be paralyzed during anesthesia, can fall back and obstruct airway

Front 472

framework of external nose is composed of what two things?

Back 472

a. two nasal bones
b. series of nasal cartilages

Front 473

very sm bones forming the bridge of the nose

Back 473

nasal bones

Front 474

what forms the bulk of the external nose?

Back 474

series of nasal cartilages

Front 475

what transmits sensory information from external nose?

Back 475

trigeminal nerve (CN V), (opthalmic division (V1)

Front 476

another name for internal nose?

Back 476

nasal cavities

Front 477

what contains two cavities that are separated from each other by a septum?

Back 477

internal nose/nasal cavities

Front 478

midline structure of the nose, made of 3 components

Back 478

nasal septum

Front 479

3 components of the nasal septum?

Back 479

a. vomer bone
b. perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
c. septal cartilage

Front 480

what projects upward from hard palate?

Back 480

vomer

Front 481

what component of the nasal septum projects downward?

Back 481

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Front 482

soft tissue of the nasal septum is called?

Back 482

septal cartilage

Front 483

what do you check for prior to nasal intubation?

Back 483

deviated septum

Front 484

parts of the ethmoid bone

Back 484

a. crista galli
b. cribriform plate
c. perpendicular plate
d. ethmoidal cells
e. middle nasal concha
f. superior nasal concha

Front 485

processing extending upward from the cribriform plate

Back 485

crista galli

Front 486

a point of attachment for the falx cerebri

Back 486

crista galli

Front 487

area of passage for olfactory nerve fibers

Back 487

cribriform plate

Front 488

what sits on top of the cribriform plate?

Back 488

olfactory bulb

Front 489

bony process that extends inferiorly b/t the two lateral masses and fuses w/ the vomer bone to form part of the nasal septum along w/ the septal cartilage

Back 489

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Front 490

hollowed out portions of the lateral mass of the etmoid bone

Back 490

ethmoidal cells

Front 491

another name for ethmoidal cells?

Back 491

ethmoidal (nasal) sinuses

Front 492

most inferior part of the lateral mass (one on each side of nasal cavity)

Back 492

middle nasal concha

Front 493

lies superior to the middle nasal concha

Back 493

superior nasal concha

Front 494

What structure associated w/ the ethmoid bone, is a separate facial bone?

Back 494

inferior nasal concha

Front 495

what separates the nasal and oral cavity?

Back 495

palate

Front 496

what predominately separates the nasal and oral cavity?

Back 496

hard palate

Front 497

anterior 2/3 of the palate

Back 497

hard palate

Front 498

posterior 1/3 of the hard palate is made of which bones?

Back 498

palatine

Front 499

what makes up the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate?

Back 499

palatine processes of the maxilla

Front 500

posterior 1/3 of the palate

Back 500

soft palate

Front 501

posterior tip of the soft palate

Back 501

uvula is located here

Front 502

what portions of the palate are raised during swallowing?

Back 502

soft palate and uvula

Front 503

why are the soft palate and uvula raised during swallowing?

Back 503

that closes the passage b/t the oral and nasal pharynx to prevent food/water from coming out of nose

Front 504

anterior openings b/t atmosphere and nasal cavity

Back 504

anterior/external nares

Front 505

the opening of the anterior nares is slightly below what?

Back 505

the level of the floor of the nasal cavity

Front 506

if you push the tip of the nose up, the openings of the anterior nares w/ be aligned how?

Back 506

horizontally w/ the floor of the cavity

Front 507

chamber/space at the entrance of the anterior nares, space immediately inside?

Back 507

vestibule

Front 508

where does nasal hair originate?

Back 508

vestibule

Front 509

slightly depressed area at the anterior end of the middle meatus

Back 509

atrium

Front 510

3 thin, curved boney plates projecting into nasal cavity from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Back 510

concha(e)/turbinates

Front 511

what lies posterior to the atrium?

Back 511

3 concha(e)/turbinates

Front 512

3 concha(e)/turbinates are:

Back 512

superior,middle,inferior nasal concha

Front 513

which concha is part of ethmoid bone and top of lateral mass?

Back 513

superior nasal concha

Front 514

which concha is part of ethmoid bone and bottom of lateral mass?

Back 514

middle nasal concha

Front 515

which concha/turbinate is a separate bone?

Back 515

inferior nasal concha

Front 516

narrow passageway located beneath the corresponding nasal concha

Back 516

meatus

Front 517

each meatus is named after what?

Back 517

the corresponding concha

Front 518

associated w/ each meatus is what?

Back 518

an opening through which drainage may occur

Front 519

name the 3 meatus'

Back 519

superior,middle, inferior meatus

Front 520

what drains into the inferior meatus?

Back 520

nasolacrimal duct, allows tears to drain into nasal cavity, is why your nose runs when u cry

Front 521

what drains into the middle meatus?

Back 521

frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and portion of the ethmoidal sinus/cells

Front 522

what drains into the superior meatus?

Back 522

portion of ethmoidal sinus/cells and sphenoid sinus. Sphenoid sinus drains into sphenoethmoidal recess first, then superior meatus

Front 523

drainage from sphenoid sinus goes where first, then on to the superior meatus?

Back 523

sphenoethmoidal recess

Front 524

another name for the posterior/internal nares?

Back 524

choana(e)

Front 525

oval passageway b/t the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx

Back 525

posterior/internal nares
(choana(e))

Front 526

air moves posterior through nasal cavity and enters into where?

Back 526

nasopharynx

Front 527

what is situated posterior to the nasal cavity?

Back 527

nasopharynx

Front 528

3 types of epithelial tissue found in internal nose?

Back 528

a. olfactory epithelium
b. stratified squamous epi
c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

Front 529

what is found in the uppermost area of the nasal cavity and is involved w/ sensation of smell via CN I

Back 529

olfactory epithelium

Front 530

what passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

Back 530

olfactory nerve

Front 531

what type of epithelial tissue do you find in the vestibule?

Back 531

stratified squamous

Front 532

what type of epithelial tissue do you find lining the anterior 1/3 of the internal nose?

Back 532

stratified squamous epi

Front 533

what type of epithelial tissue do you find lining the posterior 2/3 of the internal nose?

Back 533

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
(resp epi)

Front 534

another name for pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Back 534

respiratory epithelium

Front 535

why is respiratory epithelium called pseudostratified?

Back 535

b/c cells appear to be in layers but they are not b/c all the cells touch the basement membrane

Front 536

what type of epithelium is characterisitc of portion of respiratory airways?

Back 536

pseudostratified ciliated squamous epithelium

Front 537

do the goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium touch the basement membrane?

Back 537

yes, even though they appear not to in diagram

Front 538

what are the 4 main types of respiratory epithelial cells?

Back 538

ciliated columnar, goblet, basal, and brush

Front 539

which respiratory epithelial cells functions to propel contaminated mucus toward oropharynx?

Back 539

ciliated columnar cells

Front 540

which resp epithelieal cells remove mucus that lines the airway by beating of the cilia?

Back 540

ciliated columnar cells

Front 541

which resp epithelial cells secrete mucus into the lining of the airway, supplies a portion of the mucus membrane?

Back 541

Goblet cells

Front 542

Goblet cells secrete mucus in response to what?

Back 542

local irritation/conditions

Front 543

True or False: goblet cells are innervated by the PSNS

Back 543

false

Front 544

undifferentiated cells that can be converted to either goblet or ciliated columnar cells?

Back 544

basal cells

Front 545

basal cells can convert into which two types of cells?

Back 545

goblet or ciliated columnar cells depending on the needs of the body

Front 546

what type of cells look like a brush border?

Back 546

brush cells

Front 547

What is the function of brush cells?

Back 547

questionable, some believe that they might be immature ciliated columnar cell or a goblet cell during periods of inactivity

Front 548

mucus secretion is mainly in response to which CN?

Back 548

7

Front 549

CN VII innervates which salivary glands?

Back 549

lacrimal and mucous

Front 550

common carotid artery branches into:

Back 550

internal and external carotid artery

Front 551

internal carotid artery branches into?

Back 551

Opthalmic artery

Front 552

the opthalmic artery branches into the?

Back 552

anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery

Front 553

external carotid artery branches into?

Back 553

maxillary and facial artery

Front 554

maxillary artery branches into the?

Back 554

sphenopalatine and greater palatine artery

Front 555

facial artery branches into:

Back 555

superior labial artery

Front 556

where does the internal and external carotid arteries begin?

Back 556

at carotid sinus, after this, the common carotid splits into external and internal

Front 557

which type of resp epithelium cells is narrow and then widens as it goes to the basement membrane?

Back 557

goblet cell

Front 558

if one is exposed to a large amt of dust/cigs, basal cells will differeniate into what kind of cell?

Back 558

goblet cell

Front 559

what type of cell releases a paracrine substance?

Back 559

kulchitsky cell

Front 560

once the internal carotid reaches the brain, what does it branch into?

Back 560

middle and anterior cerebral artery

Front 561

which artery can you exert pressure on by placing pressure b/t upper teeth and lip? to stop nose bleeds?

Back 561

superior labial artery

Front 562

a vessel that is larger than normal

Back 562

sinus

Front 563

what helps warm incoming air of the nose?

Back 563

extensive venous sinus plexus/network

Front 564

where are venous sinus plexuses most abundant

Back 564

lining of the nasal septum, inferior and middle nasal conchae

Front 565

all blood from the nasal cavities and face drain into the?

Back 565

internal jugular vein

Front 566

SVC is formed by joining of the what?

Back 566

2 brachiocephalic veins

Front 567

brachiocephalic veins are formed by the joining of which 2 veins?

Back 567

internal jugular and subclavian vein

Front 568

what was the old name for the brachiocephalic veins?

Back 568

Innominate veins (No name veins)

Front 569

lymphatic drainage from the anterior portion of the internal nose drains into?

Back 569

submandibular(submaxillary nodes)

Front 570

lymphatic drainage from the posterior portion of the internal nose will drain into:

Back 570

a. deep parotid lymph nodes
b. deep cervical lymph nodes
c. retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Front 571

which lymph nodes lie underneath, deep within parotid gland?

Back 571

deep parotid lymph nodes

Front 572

location of parotid gland

Back 572

anterior to ear

Front 573

location of deep cervical lymph nodes

Back 573

lies beneath sternocleidomastoid mm and very close to internal jugular vein

Front 574

which lymph nodes are sometimes referred to as internal jugular nodes?

Back 574

deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 575

which lymph nodes sit on the posterior wall of the pharynx?

Back 575

retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Front 576

which two CN's provide sensory innervation from the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity?

Back 576

I & V

Front 577

which CN transmits olfaction from uppermost regions of nasal cavity?

Back 577

I

Front 578

CN that transmits sensory info from rest of nose, other than uppermost regions

Back 578

V

Front 579

motor innervation to the internal nose is provided by what types of fibers?

Back 579

SNS and PSNS fibers

Front 580

PSNS motor innervation of the internal nose is provided by?

Back 580

CN VII

Front 581

CN VII innervates what in the internal nose?

Back 581

mucous glands located in submucosa and increases mucous secretion

Front 582

SNS fibers to the internal nose cause what actions?

Back 582

innervation of sm mm of bv's and are involved in vasoconstriction

Front 583

para-nasal sinuses are lined w/ what type of epithelium?

Back 583

resp epi

Front 584

how do para-nasal sinuses communicate with nasal cavity?

Back 584

small openings into the meatuses

Front 585

how do para-nasal sinuses get their names?

Back 585

from the bone in which they are located (frontal sinus is in frontal bone...etc)

Front 586

what happens when u have swelling of the nasal sinus?

Back 586

openings are caused to close and mucous can't drain, leading to congestion and infection

Front 587

How many para-nasal sinuses do we have?

Back 587

4

Front 588

are the para-nasal sinus's paired?

Back 588

yes

Front 589

name para-nasal sinuses

Back 589

frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal

Front 590

frontal sinus drains into the?

Back 590

middle meatus

Front 591

maxillary sinus drains into the

Back 591

middle meatus

Front 592

ethmoidal sinus/cells drains into?

Back 592

middle and superior meatus

Front 593

ethmoidal cells are located?

Back 593

inside the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone

Front 594

sphenoidal sinus drains into?

Back 594

sphenoethmoidal recess then into superior meatus

Front 595

pharynx extends from where to where?

Back 595

base of skull to C6

Front 596

where does the pharynx become continuous w/ the esophagus?

Back 596

C6

Front 597

landmarks for C6

Back 597

a. end of pharynx
b. beginning of esophagus
c. inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

Front 598

3 subdivisions of pharynx

Back 598

a. nasopharynx
b. oropharynx
c. laryngopharynx

Front 599

laryngopharynx stops where?

Back 599

at inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6)

Front 600

single chambered space located posterior to nasal cavities and superior to soft palate and oropharynx

Back 600

nasopharynx

Front 601

what marks the ending of the nasal cavity and beginning of the nasopharynx

Back 601

internal nares (posterior nares, choanae)

Front 602

air goes from nasal cavities then into the?

Back 602

nasopharynx

Front 603

3 features associated w/ nasopharynx

Back 603

a. openings of auditory tube
b. tubal tonsils
c. pharyngeal tonsils

Front 604

two additional names for the openings of the auditory tube

Back 604

pharyngotympanic/Eustachian tube

Front 605

what connects the nasopharynx to tympanic membrane?

Back 605

auditory/eustachian/pharynotympanic tube

Front 606

small pieces of lymphatic tissue located near opening of auditory tube, may or may not be present

Back 606

tubal tonsils

Front 607

what is located where the roof of the nasopharynx joins w/ posterior wall

Back 607

pharyngeal tonsils

Front 608

what is located along superior, posterior portion of the pharynx

Back 608

pharyngeal tonsils

Front 609

when air passes through, what gets stuck to the pharyngeal tonsils?

Back 609

microorganisms

Front 610

swollen/hypertrophied pharyngeal tonsils are called?

Back 610

adenoids

Front 611

what happens to the passageway b/t the nasopharynx and oropharynx during swallowing?

Back 611

closed off by soft palate so foot doesn't enter

Front 612

lies posterior to the oral cavity and inferior to the nasopharynx, superior to laryngopharynx

Back 612

oropharynx

Front 613

3 features associated w/ oropharynx

Back 613

a. palatopharyngeal folds
b. palatine tonsils
c. pharyngeal portion of tongue and lingual tonsils

Front 614

what is located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx?

Back 614

palatopharyngeal folds

Front 615

what lies b/t the anterior and posterior pillars?

Back 615

palatine tonsils

Front 616

what forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx?

Back 616

pharyngeal portion of the tongue (root) and the lingual tonsils

Front 617

another name for the laryngopharynx?

Back 617

hypopharynx

Front 618

lies posterior to larynx, inferior to oropharynx, superior to esophagus

Back 618

laryngopharynx

Front 619

feature assoc. w/ laryngopharynx

Back 619

piriform fossa/recess/sinus

Front 620

piriform means?

Back 620

pear shaped

Front 621

slightly depressed pear shaped structure that lies lateral to the laryngeal inlet

Back 621

piriform fossa/recess/sinus

Front 622

site at which pills and fish bones get stuck

Back 622

piriform fossa

Front 623

what runs through the floor of the piriform fossa?

Back 623

internal laryngeal nerve

Front 624

conducts sensory information from upper part of larynx including epiglottis?

Back 624

internal laryngeal nerve

Front 625

what must be anesthetized for an awake intubation to decrease laryngospasms?

Back 625

internal laryngeal nerve, use 4% lidocaine in nebulizer

Front 626

circular band of lymphatic tissue providing protection for the beginning of the resp tracct

Back 626

waldeyer's tonsilar ring

Front 627

components of waldeyer's tonsilar ring

Back 627

pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, lingual tonsils

Front 628

adenoids located on posterior wall of nasopharynx

Back 628

pharyngeal tonsils

Front 629

not always present, but beneath adenoids(pharyngeal tonsils)

Back 629

tubal tonsils

Front 630

which tonsils are located at bottom of waldeyer's ring?

Back 630

lingual tonsils

Front 631

walls of the pharynx are composed of what type of mm?

Back 631

skeletal, 2 layers

Front 632

what are the two muscle layers that form the walls of the pharynx?

Back 632

a. outer circular layer
b. inner longitudinal layer

Front 633

area where the pharyngeal mm's come together?

Back 633

pharyngeal raphe

Front 634

posterior midline union site of pharynx made of connective tissue

Back 634

pharyngeal raphe

Front 635

pharyngeal raphe extends from --- to --- ?

Back 635

pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone to the esophagus

Front 636

the mm that form the outer circular layer of the pharynx originate from?

Back 636

many diff sites, and extend posteriorly forming the lateral and posterior walls of pharynx

Front 637

overall fxn of outer circular mm layer of pharynx?

Back 637

propel food bolus downward in act of swallowing

Front 638

3 circular mm fibers

Back 638

a. superior pharyngeal constrictor mm (superior pharyngeus constrictor)
b. middle pharyngeal constrictor mm (middle pharyngeus constrictor)
c. inferior pharyngeal constrictor mm (inferior pharyngeus constrictor)

Front 639

special portion of superior constrictor pharyngeus made of small band of circular fibers originating from palate and inserting in pharyngeal raphe

Back 639

palatopharyngeal sphincter (Passavant's ridge)

Front 640

which portion of a circular mm helps to close off passageway b/t nasal and oral pharynx during swallowing and help propel food down?

Back 640

palatopharyngeal sphincter (passavant's ridge)

Front 641

what is overlapped by the inferior pharyngeus constrictor mm?

Back 641

middle pharyngeal constrictor

Front 642

what overlaps the superior pharyngeal constrictor mm?

Back 642

middle pharyngeal constrictor

Front 643

what overlaps the middle pharyngeus mm

Back 643

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Front 644

lowermost/narrowest portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor mm

Back 644

cricopharyngeus mm

Front 645

what is the origin and insertion of the cricopharyngeus mm?

Back 645

origin is cricoid cartilage and insertion is pharyngeal raphe

Front 646

what is always contracted except during swallowing?

Back 646

cricopharyngeus mm

Front 647

since the cricopharyngeus mm is always contracted except for swallowing, it fxns as ?

Back 647

superior esophageal sphincter

Front 648

what could cause difficultly and pain during swallowing due to its strong muscle tone?

Back 648

cricopharyngeus mm, can be treated w/ botox

Front 649

fxn of inner longitudinal layer of pharynx

Back 649

elevates larynx and shortens pharynx during swallowing, helps prevent aspiration

Front 650

when the inner longitudinal layer elevates the larynx, what does this close?

Back 650

laryngeal inlet

Front 651

3 mm's that make up inner longitudinal layer of pharynx

Back 651

a. stylopharyngeus
b. palatopharyngeus
c. salpingopharyngeus

Front 652

origin & insertion of stylopharyngeus mm

Back 652

origin: styloid process
insertion: posterior border of thyroid cartilage

Front 653

fxn of stylopharyngeus mm

Back 653

elevation of larynx and pharynx

Front 654

origin and insertion of palatopharyngeus mm

Back 654

origin: palate
insertion: posterior border of thyroid cartilage

Front 655

fxn of palatopharyngeus mm

Back 655

elevate larynx and pharynx

Front 656

which inner longitudinal mm layer has narrow beginning and gets wider as it goes to the bottom?

Back 656

salpingopharyngeus (trumpet)

Front 657

origin and insertion of salpingopharyngeus mm

Back 657

origin: cartilaginous part of the auditory tube
insertion: pharyngeus mm and posterior border of thyroid cartilage

Front 658

fxn of salpingopharyngeus mm

Back 658

contracts during swallowing, helps lift up larynx and cause the opening or dilation of auditory tube to equalize pressure b/t nasopharynx and middle ear

Front 659

nasopharynx is lined by?

Back 659

resp epi

Front 660

oropharynx is lined by?

Back 660

stratified squamous epi

Front 661

why does oropharynx need stratified squamous epi?

Back 661

b/c food also passes through and can be abrasive

Front 662

laryngopharynx is lined by?

Back 662

stratified squamous epi

Front 663

why is laryngopharynx lined by stratified squamous epi?

Back 663

b/c food also passes through and can be abrasive

Front 664

submucosal layers of all 3 areas of the pharynx will have?

Back 664

mucous glands that help produce mucus

Front 665

arterial blood supply to pharynx

Back 665

lots of arteries...LOL, yep, don't have to know specifics

Front 666

venous drainage of pharynx

Back 666

Internal jugular vein

Front 667

all 3 segments of the pharynx and part of posterior nose drain lymph into?

Back 667

deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 668

nasopharynx drains its lymph into?

Back 668

retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Front 669

what innervates the pharynx?

Back 669

pharyngeal nerve plexus

Front 670

pharyngeal nerve plexus consists of?

Back 670

a. SNS fibers
b. CN IX
c. CN X

Front 671

SNS fibers of the pharyngeal nerve plexus primarily?

Back 671

innervate bv's and have vasomotor fxn

Front 672

Which nerve in the pharyngeal nerve plexus is different from the pulmonary nerve plexus?

Back 672

CN IX

Front 673

CN providing bulk of sensory innervation to the nasopharynx

Back 673

IX

Front 674

CN providing sensory innervation to anterior portion of the nasopharynx

Back 674

V

Front 675

CN providing sensory innervation to the oropharynx

Back 675

CN IX (and some X), IX if u need one answer

Front 676

CN providing sensory information to the laryngopharynx

Back 676

CN IX and X (X if u need one answer)

Front 677

only muscle exclusively innervated by CN IX

Back 677

stylopharyngeus mm

Front 678

all mm's of the pharynx besides the stylopharyngeus, are innervated by?

Back 678

CN X

Front 679

We can say that the pharyngeal mm's are being innervated by CN X, but in all actuality, where are the nerve fibers coming from?

Back 679

cranial portion of the accessory nerve, CN XI. it joins with the vagus and is distributed to the mm's that the vagus innervates

Front 680

pharyngeal mm's innervated by the vagus?

Back 680

circular mm's(superior, middle, inferior constrictor pharyngeous mm) cricopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeous

Front 681

which CN innervates mucous glands?

Back 681

not sure actually: Reinke's guess are:
nasopharynx-VII
oropharynx-IX
laryngopharynx-X

Front 682

last part of conducting airway

Back 682

larynx, voice box

Front 683

where is the larynx located?

Back 683

upper border of C4 down to inferior border of C6

Front 684

last segment of the upper resp airway

Back 684

larynx

Front 685

lower resp airways starts with?

Back 685

trachea

Front 686

upper airways consist of:

Back 686

nasal cavities, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx

Front 687

an URI includes:

Back 687

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Front 688

what do we typically not include as a part of the upper airways

Back 688

oral cavity

Front 689

framework of the larynx is formed by :

Back 689

9 pieces of cartilage:
3 paired, 3 unpaired

Front 690

paired cartilages forming the larynx

Back 690

a. arytenoid
b. corniculate
c. cuneiform

Front 691

unpaired cartilages forming the larynx

Back 691

a. epiglottis
b. thyroid
c. cricoid

Front 692

what lies over the glottis

Back 692

epiglottis

Front 693

leaf shaped elastic cartilage lying posterior to the root of the tongue

Back 693

epiglottis

Front 694

importance of the epiglottis consisting of elastic cartilage?

Back 694

so that after swallowing, it can maintain its shape and spring back to original position

Front 695

helps cover airway during swallowing, open during breathing

Back 695

epiglottis

Front 696

2 ligaments attaching to the epiglottis

Back 696

a. thyroepiglottic ligament
b. hyoepiglottic ligament

Front 697

connects inferior tapered end of the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage?

Back 697

thyroepiglottic ligament

Front 698

connects epiglottis to the hyoid bone

Back 698

hyoepiglottic ligament

Front 699

epiglottis is anchored to the tongue by what 3 things?

Back 699

a. 1 median glossoepiglottic fold
b. 2 lateral glossoepiglottic folds

Front 700

midline lying fold that attaches the epiglottis to root of tongue

Back 700

median glossoepiglottic fold

Front 701

2 lateral folds of tissue that attach the root of the tongue to the epiglottis

Back 701

2 lateral glossoepiglottic folds

Front 702

2 areas of depression lying b/t each lateral glossoepiglottic fold and the median glossoepiglottic fold., b/t epiglottis and pharyngeal portion of the tongue

Back 702

2 valleculae

Front 703

fold of connective tissue that joins the lateral borders of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly

Back 703

aryepiglottic fold

Front 704

forms the lateral walls of the laryngeal inlet

Back 704

aryepiglottic fold

Front 705

small swelling on inner,inferior surface of the epiglottis

Back 705

epiglottic tubercle

Front 706

is epiglottic tubercle more towards the bottom or the top?

Back 706

bottom

Front 707

largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

Back 707

thyroid cartilage, adam's apple

Front 708

thyroid cartilage is larger in men or women? why?

Back 708

men, due to testosterone during puberty

Front 709

V shaped piece of cartilage that is opened posteriorly

Back 709

thyroid

Front 710

2 sides of the thyroid are called?

Back 710

Lamina

Front 711

midline area where the 2 laminae of thyroid cartilage fuse together?

Back 711

angle of the thyroid cartilage

Front 712

2 parts of the thyroid cartilage that can be fractured and lead to severe throat pain

Back 712

superior and inferior horn (cornu) of thyroid cartilage

Front 713

complete circular band of cartilage that surrounds the inferior portion of the larynx

Back 713

cricoid cartilage

Front 714

why is the cricoid cartilage referred to as a "signet" ring?

Back 714

b/c it is narrow anteriorly and becomes much wider posteriorly

Front 715

location of the cricoid cartilage

Back 715

immediately beneath the thyroid cartilage anteriorly, find thyroid notch and work down

Front 716

why would you apply cricoid pressure?

Back 716

aids in visualization of airway and closes off esophagus to prevent aspiration. you are putting pressure on anterior cricoid, which puts pressure on posterior cricoid, which closes off esophagus

Front 717

only non-expanding portion of the upper airway

Back 717

cricoid cartilage

Front 718

why does the cricoid not expand?

Back 718

b/c it is a complete ring

Front 719

narrowest part of the upper airway in children and infants?

Back 719

cricoid cartilage

Front 720

2 pyramidal shaped cartilages that sit on the superior borders of the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage

Back 720

arytenoid cartilages

Front 721

2 parts of the arytenoid cartilages?

Back 721

apex and base

Front 722

2 structures that attach to the apex of the arytenoid cartilages?

Back 722

a. corniculate cartilages
b. aryepiglottic folds

Front 723

sits on top of the apex of the arytenoid cartilages?

Back 723

corniculate cartilages

Front 724

rests on the posterior aspect of the superior border of the cricoid?

Back 724

base of the arytenoid cartilage

Front 725

2 imp processes associated w/ the base of the arytenoid cartilages?

Back 725

vocal and muscular process

Front 726

anterior projection from the base of the arytenoid cartilage where the vocal ligament extends from the tip of the vocal process to the angle of the thyroid

Back 726

vocal process

Front 727

what will attach the base of the arytenoid cartilage to the true vocal cords?

Back 727

vocal ligament

Front 728

lateral projection from the base of the arytenoid cartilage where the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoideus mm's attach, imp in movement of vocal cords

Back 728

muscular process

Front 729

2 small pieces of cartilage sitting on top of apex of arytenoid, embedded in aryepiglottic folds medial to the cuneiform cartilage

Back 729

corniculate cartilages

Front 730

slight swelling the in posterior-medial aspect of the aryepiglottic fold due to underlying corniculate cartilage

Back 730

corniculate tubercle

Front 731

2 small wedge shaped pieces of cartilage embedded in aryepiglottic fold that lie lateral to the corniculate cartilages

Back 731

cuneiform cartilage

Front 732

cartilage that is free-floating and are not attached to any other piece of cartilage

Back 732

cuneiform cartilage

Front 733

2 fxns of the cuneiform cartilage

Back 733

a. provides strength to the aryepiglottic fold
b. helps close off airway during swallowing

Front 734

slight swelling in aryepiglottic fold due to underlying cuneiform cartilage

Back 734

cuneiform tubercle

Front 735

what lies lateral to the corniculate tubercle

Back 735

cuneiform tubercle

Front 736

what happens to the cuneiform and corniculate tubercles during swallowing?

Back 736

they come together, move forward and touch epiglottic tubercle, help to close off laryngeal inlet