Sports In Society #2

Front 1

Three levels of analysis that from the basis of the book:

Back 1

1. Social interaction
2. Structural context
3. Cultural symbol

Front 2

cultural symbols such as team colors, uniforms, songs, team names, and banners often carries encoded gandered meanings

Back 2

1. Sweet names (i.e., Beanie babes, Sunflowers)
2. Neutral or paradoxical names (i.e., Flower Power, Pink Panthers)
3. Power names (i.e., Killer Whales, Sea Monsters)

Front 3

The institution of sport historically constructs hegemonic masculinity as bodily superiority over femininity and over non-athletic masculinities

Back 3

1. The gender regime of sport is experienced as a place where masculine styles and values of physicality, aggression, and competition are enforced and celebrated by mostly male coaches

Front 4

Reasons why males turn to sports

Back 4

It allows an emotional outlit and connection with others that would generally be frowned at by society.

Front 5

Gender regime of sport

Back 5

female coaches were bumping up against institutional structures-historically formed, entrenched systems of rules, conventions, allocations of resources and opportunities, and hierarchical authority and status systems
1. Organizations and institutions are themselves “gendered”
3. Institutional structures are not static-they are constantly being recreated by the day to day interactions of people
4. Institutional structures do not determine what people do, but they do set the conditions and parameters within which people interact
Note: Similar to Robert Friedman’s institutional racism

Front 6

Title IX legislation

Back 6

1. 1972-over 90% of women’s programs were headed by a female administrator; by 2000, that had dropped to 17.4%
2. 1972-women were the head coaches of over 90% of college women’s teams; by 2000, that had dropped to 45.6%
3. 2001 study in the Chronicle of Higher Education reported that Division I-A schools that are members of the national Bowl Championship Series have average annual budgets of $6.4 million; meanwhile, only 15 Division I-A schools spent more on women’s sports in their entirety than they did on football

Front 7

Sociologist Don Sabo observed that many men are discovering that football is the major structural obstacle to reform

Back 7

Messner chpt 3

Front 8

Sut Jhally coined the term sport-media complex to describe the institutionally symbiotic relationship of sport and the mass media

Back 8

1. Messner expanded in order to capture the complex institutional dynamics at the nexus of sport, media, and corporate promoters and advertisers. Examining what is called the sport-media-commercial complex helps to begin to understand sport not as a separate and autonomous “sports world” but as part of a larger, increasingly global economic nexus that utilizes mediated sports to advertise a huge range of consumer products

Front 9

Alternative sports

Back 9

created by young white males
become a cultural “site of whiteness”
-these young white male “rebels” often appropriate African American male cultural styles (i.e., hip-hop music, clothing

Front 10

Nike as corporate vanguard of athletic feminism versus Nike as exploiter and manipulator of women-reveal one of the main paradoxes of gender in today’s sport-media-commercial complex

Back 10

reveal a tension between different contemporary feminisms: one, a radical and collectivist feminism that sees institutional transformation as a fundamental goal; the other, a liberal feminism that sees individual equal opportunity as the fundamental goal
2. Nike has positioned itself as a “celebrity feminist”

Front 11

Messner, Duncan and Cooky – research found that over the course of the decade of the 1990s very little had changed in the ways televised sports news covered women’s and men’s sports; ran counter to the common belief that there has been a recent explosion of media attention given to women’s sports

Back 11

chpt 4

Front 12

Four patterned ways that the dominant sports media deal with women’s sport

Back 12

1. Silence
-SportsCenter devoted only 2.2% of its coverage to women’s sports
2. Humorous sexualization
-pseudosport
- women’s “place”-on the sidelines, in support roles, and as objects of sexualized humor-
-Anna Kournikova
-heterosexually attractive female athletes are actively used by the professional women’s leagues like the LPGA and the WNBA to promote their sport with consumers
3. Backlash
4. Selective incorporation of standout women athletes
-sports media and commercial interests that promote sports do sometimes seize on the image of a woman athlete and pull her to the center of cultural discourse, at least tempor

Front 13

Televised Sports Manhood Formula

Back 13

1. White males are the voices of authority
2. Sport is a man’s world
3. Men are foregrounded in commercials
4. Women are sexy props or prizes for men’s successful sports performances or consumption choices
5. Whites are foregrounded in commercials
6. Aggressive players get the prize; nice guys finish last
7. Boys will be (violent) boys
8. Give up your body for the team
9. Sports are war
10. Show some guts!

Extreme Football League (XFL) – the televised sports manhood formula was its ideological vehicle

Front 14

Ghettoization is a result of the center’s interactional, institutional and symbolic power to push girls and women sports away from where the most highly value action is
20th century forms of ghettoization

Back 14

1. Adapted model of women’s sports
2. Portrayal of women athletes as sexualized beauty queens

Front 15

Just Do It Model

Back 15

based on liberal feminism or third wave feminism
Girls’ and women’s sports are gradually nudging closer to the institutional and cultural center, and this movement is due to a combination of forces, all of which spring from the successes of second wave feminism:
1. Equal opportunity laws
2. Shift in cultural values toward viewing vigorous exercise and competitive sports as healthy and positive for girls and women
3. Selective promotion of women’s sports and imagery of female athleticism by market forces emanating from the sport-media-commercial complex

Front 16

limitations of the just do it model:

Back 16

1. Lack of a critical institutional analysis
2. Increasing reliance on large corporations to provide the financial support and cultural imagery that define and promote a certain kind of equity for girls and women in sports
3. Corporations are gandered organizations, but they also kneel before the bottom line; if they believe they can make a buck off women’s sports, they will promote women’s sports

Front 17

1. Individuality

Back 17

uniqueness of every person, based on one’s personal style, creative abilities and actions
-creative and conducive

Front 18

2. Individualism

Back 18

social ideology that is expressed as an aggressive desire to be on top of or to be seen as better than others
-hierarchical and destructive of community

Front 19

The center is a place of athletes and individualism; the margins are where people play sports and where they may be more space for individuality to thrive

Back 19

1. Idea of the center seems always to be defined as the ideal place to be
it is a mistake to try to make social change by advocating a movement of less powerful people from the margins to the center, according to sociologist Kum-Kum Bhavnani
3. When some previously marginalized people succeed in moving to the center, they succeed only in becoming a part of the system that oppresses whatever groups still remain at the margins
against the distorted human relations at the center
5. These ideas from the margins hold the potential to demonstrate alternatives to the sport-media-commercial complex’s dominant structures, practices, and symbols of gender, race, sexuality, and commercialization
-but they also may simultaneously doom themselves to all the limitations of marginal status; fewer resources and opportunities, less power, continued vulnerability to second class status

Front 20

The Social Justice Model

Back 20

moving toward social justice involves adopting a simultaneous quest for simple fairness and equal opportunities for girls and women along with critical actions aimed at fundamentally transforming the center of men’s sports
1. It is the asking of this fundamental question-Just do what?-that makes the social justice model distinct from the liberal just do it model

Front 21

What makes activism for social justice different from the liberal just do it model:

Back 21

1. Activist groups that have formed around specific issues are beginning to identify the ways that problems like sexual violence, structural inequities in sport, and corporate-media domination are interrelated threads that make up the same institutional and cultural fabric
2. Activist groups are beginning to work together to confront the ways that various institutions, such as sport, media, schools, and corporations, intertwine to promote, perpetrate, and often profit from inequitable and violent sports
3. Social justice activists are recognizing that social change happens at various levels

Front 22

instability at the center due to:

Back 22

1. Problems-particularly off field violence-generated by men’s athletic culture
2. The destabilizing influence of institutions such as schools, universities, and the law, which often have very different goals and core value systems from those at the center of sport
3. The continued challenges from the margins of sport by girls and women pressing for equity and fairness

Front 23

What was the emphasis on for woman in sports?

Back 23

It is cultural differences not physiological differences

Front 24

Racism

Back 24

stays with in class bounderies but sexism doesn't
ex. upper class men consider themselves above lower class men and all females. However, Lower class men thinks he is better than all females as well even upper class females.

Front 25

anomaly

Back 25

culture's conception of women in sport as masculine and woman's involvement in it as inappropriate

Front 26

Gender coding

Back 26

colors/team names assigned for boys and girls
ex blue = boys/ pink=girls

Front 27

sex

Back 27

biological concept with categories of male and female

Front 28

gender

Back 28

cultural concpt with categories of masculine and feminine

Front 29

Snodgrass

Back 29

he asked students to descibe words of gender in society.
Showed that we have be come less equitable.

Front 30

Functionalist defense

Back 30

Patriarchy
males have dominated in hisotry
males in power positions
males aggressive in nature

Front 31

Conflict Theorist

Back 31

Reasons for patriarchy
males have advatage b/c they are upper class while females are considered lower class

Front 32

San Giovanni and Boutellier

Back 32

Males are superioer
by participating in sports there is elvated blaues and woman devalue it when they play sport
sport is a place for male emotions

Front 33

Messners idea of center

Back 33

follows money
biggest sports program
institutionalize bodily practices

Front 34

Tower Amendment

Back 34

should not effect revenue making sports ex football

Front 35

AIAW

Back 35

developed by females for females
based on competition
much more an exercise component
NCAA saw the money making possiblities and wanted to use it.

Front 36

title 9

Back 36

institutions had 6 yrs to comply

Front 37

How does sport teach males to coform to partrical values

Back 37

Encourages males to think in hierachial terms
accentuates differences rather than similarities between sexes
males learn to accept as natural social order contributed by men

Front 38

Title 9

Back 38

only %4 of document delas with athletics but 90% of court cases is with athletics

Front 39

Title 9

Back 39

Participation rates increased rapidly but coaching oppurtunities decreased drastically for woman

Front 40

Title 9
three prong test

Back 40

must comply with 1 out of 3
proportionate to student enrollment
continual expansion of athletic opportunites
accommodation of the interest and ability (subjective)

Front 41

3rd sex argument

Back 41

male
female
football players

Front 42

Gender equity

Back 42

giving boys and girls equal opportunites in the using personal capabilites to realisw full human rights.

Front 43

1. Homophobia

Back 43

the fear or hatred of homosexuality

Front 44

Reasons Why Gay Athletes Fear Announcing Sexuality

Back 44

1. Hostile environment
a) Homosexuality is an unspoken topic in locker rooms
b) Gays competing in individual sports are more recognized than team sport participants
2. Questioning of toughness
3. Acceptance by fans
a) (major fear-losing fan base)

Front 45

Gay Games

Back 45

1. Based on “inclusiveness”
2. Established in 1982 – San Francisco Arts and Athletics
3. Olympic Committee - injunction to prevent the use of the term “Olympic”