Sports Final Chapter 18 Exercise Behavior And Adherence

Front 1

Reasons to exercise

Back 1

o Weight control
o Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
o Reduction in stress and depression
o Enjoyment
o Enhancement of self-esteem
o Opportunities to socialize

Front 2

Reasons for not exercise

Back 2

o Perceived lack of time
o Lack of energy
o Lack of motivation

Front 3

Health belief model

Back 3

o The likelihood of an individual’s engaging in preventive heath behaviors (such as exercise) depends on the person’s perception of the severity of the potential illness as well as his appraisal of the costs and benefits of taking action
o Studies have been inconsistent because the model was originally developed to focus on disease, not exercise

Front 4

Theory of planned behavior

Back 4

o Extension of the theory of reasoned action
 States that intentions are the best predictors of actual behavior
 Intentions are the product of an individual’s attitude toward a particular behavior and what is normative regarding the behavior (subjective norm)
• The subjective norm is the product of beliefs about others’ opinions and the individual’s motivation to comply with others’ opinions

Front 5

Social cognitive theory

Back 5

o Proposes that personal, behavioral, and environmental factors operate as reciprocally interacting determinants of each other
o Self-efficacy increases as exercise participation increases
 Self efficacy is important especially when exercise is most challenging, such as in the initial stages of adoption or for persons with chronic diseases

Front 6

Transtheoretical model

Back 6

o Individuals progress through stages of change and that movement across the stages is cyclic, rather than linear, because many people do not succeed in their efforts at establishing and maintaining lifestyle changes
o Different interventions and information need to be tailored to match the particular stage an individual is in at the time
o Six stages
 Precontemplation stage
• Individuals do not intend to start exercising in the next 6 months
• Couch potatoes
• May be demoralized about their ability too change, may be defensive because of social pressures, or may be uninformed about the long-term consequences of their behavior
 Contemplation stage
• People seriously intend to exercise within the next 6 months, but usually remain in this stage for about 2 years
 Preparation stage
• People are exercising some, perhaps less than three times a week, but not regularly enough to produce major benefits
 Action stage
• Individuals exercise regularly (three or more times a week for 20 minutes or longer) but have been doing so for fewer than 6 months
• Least stable stage
• Tends to correspond with the highest risk for relapse
• Busiest stage, in which the most processes for change are being used
 Maintenance
• Have been exercising regularly for more than 6 months
• Likely to maintain regular exercise throughout the lifespan except for time-outs, boredom and loss of focus can become a problem
 Termination stage
• Once an exerciser has stayed in this stage for 5 years, the individual is considered to have exited from the cycele of change, and relapse simply does not occur

Front 7

Ecological model

Back 7

o Refers to models, frameworks, or perspectives rather than a specific set of variables
o Primary focus of these is to explain how environments and behaviors affect each other bringing into consideration intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and policy influences
o May have a direct impact on exercise above that provided by social cognitive models