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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Any systematic study of sport psychology should include following stages
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1. Observation and description - how feeling good helps performance
2. Explanation and analysis (why?) 3. Prediction (what will be) 4. Control - what can we control to change behavior |
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Scientific method of analyzing sport psychology
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Process or method of learning that uses systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience
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Six steps of scientific method
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1. Create hypothesis
2. Design investigation 3. Accumulation of data 4. Classification of data 5. Development of generalizations 6. Verification of results |
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Professional practice method of analyzing sport psychology
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Holistic and experimental - guided trial and error reflecting many factors:
- whole picture - immediately applicable but less reliable and susceptible to bias - someone else reading same thing might interpret differently |
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Difference between Scientific method vs. Practice knowledge
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Central and active role of the researcher in the process of knowing (within the research rather than a neutral, outside observer)
* where is researcher in generating this knowledge?* |
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Define Tacit Knowledge
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Process of inference and intuition that integrates clues into meaning
"we know more than we can tell" "it just seems logical" |
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Define Motivation
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The direction and intensity of ones effort towards something
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Personal motivation factors
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- Needs
- Interests - Goals - Personality |
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Situational motivational factors
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- Leader
- Facility attractiveness - Team win/loss record |
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Guidelines to increasing motivation
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1. Both situation and personal traits motivate participants
2. Important for leader/participant to understand what motivates the individual 3. Structure or change environment to enhance motivation 4. Critical role of leader in influencing the motivation of participants 5. Undesirable motives can be change through behavior modification techniques |
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Define reward
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Things used to modify or manipulate behavior
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Define reinforcement
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Any personal interaction that will increase the occurrence or strength of a behavior or performance
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Define positive reinforcement
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Introduction of something positive that increases or maintains a response
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Define negative reinforcement
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Removal of something noxious that increases or maintains a response
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Define contingency management
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Relationship between a behavior and its consequence . * The regulation of behavior by use of tokens to influence or alter outcomes*
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List examples of token rewards
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- Trophies
- Food - Free time - Recognition - Privileges - Money |
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Token rewards acting on undesirable behaviors
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Can be eliminated through use of token rewards
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Token rewards on desirable behaviors
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Can be enhanced through use of token rewards
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List some spill over effects from using token rewards (examples from the research)
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- Satisfaction and enjoyment
- Attendance and promptness - Interest and attitudes - Conformance to rules - Social interaction (coach/player) - less complaining |
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7 Guidelines when using token rewards
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1. Target only a couple of behaviors/skills/tasks and explain them in readily observable terms
2. State the contingencies/outcomes clearly 3. Monitor the target behavior consistently 4. Provide meaningful public feedback that focuses on self-improvement not social comparison 5. Use simple reward system and be consistent 6. Think and start small then expand 7. Consider individual differences * Gradually work to eliminate token rewards once desirable behaviors are entrenched* |
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Define Punishment
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Any interaction that decreases the strength of a behavior
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Things to keep in mind when using punishment
List 5 |
- Maximize the use of punishment
- Consistency - punish everyone the same - Punish behavior, not the person - Allow input into what is the punishment - Don't use physical activity as punishment - Impose punishment impersonally - Make sure isn't perceived as reward or attention - Don't punish errors during play - Don't embarrass players in front of teammates |
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Social reinforcement works best when
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1. Used on younger participants
2. Used infrequently 3. Used to convey information 4. Used by significant people of opposite sex 5. Used by given or disliked others 6. Reinforcement is simple, well learned, or boring |
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Any use of positive social reinforcement should
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1. Be meaningful/important
2. Be contingent 3. Administered immediately and consistently 4. Given for demonstrating good effort 5. Allow for mistakes in overall performance 6. Reward appropriate social and emotional responses 7. Used on skills already developed |
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Define shaping, and how you would shape someone
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Reinforcement of successively closer approximations of the terminal (final) performance or behavior
1. Determine present ability level 2. Identify steps or stages 3. Identify appropriate reinforces 4. Clarify the terminal level of skill, performance or behavior 5. Start with most important stages 6. Selectively reinforce behavior or skill execution 7. Begin to fill in the missing parts of the skill |
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Define Intrinsic motivation
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Desire to participate in an activity or task for its own sake - enjoyment, excitement, challenge
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How to measure intrinsic motivation
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1. Free choice involvement in activity - time spent
2. Presence of performance quality - complexity, creativity, flexibility, spontaneity 3. Self-report questionnaires - interest, enjoyment, satisfaction |
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Define extrinsic motivation
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Behavior engaged in for reasons other than activity itself- external rewards
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External rewards influence intrinsic interest in two ways
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1. Empirical approach - research based
(felt tipped pen experiment) - extrinsic reward decreased, intrinsic increased 2. Cognitive Evaluation Theory - evaluated how an individual perceives the impact of external rewards and thus the effect this perception has on his/her intrinsic motivation (enhance or undermine it) |
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Define controlling function of a reward
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Locus of causality (self determination)
- If external it undermines intrinsic motivation - If internal it enhances intrinsic motivation |
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Define information function of a reward
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About ones competence
- greater perceived competence enhances intrinsic motivation - diminished percieved competence decreases intrinsic motivation |
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Define Salience
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Importance attributed to a reward will determine how it is perceived
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Define Flow
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Feeling where participant feels totally involved in the activity
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How is flow attained
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When Participants perceived skills are equal to the demands or challenges of the task . Flow is attained when both capabilities and challenge are high
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What conditions have to be present in order to achieve flow
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1. Complete absorption in the activity - so involved nothing else matters
2. Merging of action and awareness - totally involved in the task (don't have to think about it, just happens) 3. Have a sense of control over ones actions and environment 4. Attention is centered and focused on only a few important details 5. There is a loss of ego - no concern about adequacy or embarrassment 6. Demands/ goals of the task are clear and feedback is accurate 7. Time is transformed - seems to speed up 8. Effortless movement - (auto pilot) |
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How does one achieve flow?
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- Motivation to perform
- Optimal levels of arousal - Maintain narrow focus on key elements - stay in the present - Pre-competetive and competitive plans and preparation - Physical preparation and readiness - Confidence and positive mental attitude - Trust and shared sense of purpose with teammates (cohesion) - Feeling good about performance - in sync |
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List Implications of Extrinsic motivation
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1. Extrinsic rewards do not necessarily undermine or enhance intrinsic interest
2. It is the individual interpretation of the extrinsic reward (SALIENCE) this is critical 3. How a reward should be used ( not whether or not) 4. Controlling and informational aspect of the reward that should be considered |
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Outline 7 steps of communication
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1. Decision
2. Encoding 3. Sender 4. Channel 5. Receiver 6. Decode 7. Response |
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Define Interpersonal communication
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Between two or more people
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Define Intrapersonal communication
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Self-talk/thought, Inner dialogue that helps to shape how we act and perform
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List 5 guidelines for sending effective messages
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1. Be direct
2. Own your message 3. Be complete 4. Avoid double messages 5. State your feelings clearly 6. Separate fact from fiction 7. Focus on one thing at a time 8. Deliver message immediately 9. No hidden agendas 10. Be supportive 11. Consistent with non-verbal message 12. Reinforce using repetition 13. Tailor message to experience of reciever 14. Was message accurately interpreted |
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Define non-verbal communication
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- 50% of all communication
- Tend to believe more than verbal - Physical appearance - first impressions - Body language - posture, gestures, body position (space) - Touching - various forms - Facial expression - Voice characteristics; pitch, tempo, volume, rhythm, articulation |
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List 5 examples of active listening
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- A process focusing on content, and feeling
- Attend to ideas - Acknowledge comment - Give responding feedback - Non-verbal -nod, eye contact - Paraphrase "What i hear you saying is" - Listen don't just hear |
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What are the two ways of receiving messages
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1. Active listening
2. Supportive listening behavior |
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List examples of supportive listening behavior
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Supportive - Value the message
Attending - Nod, direct eye contact Confirming - Understand message, don't interrupt |
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What are the two types of listening behaviors and provide a brief description
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1. Non-verbal: stand close and face, direct eye contact, facial gestures, open posture
2. Verbal: communicate understanding and acknowledgement |
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Define aware listening
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Be flexible to listening according to the situation
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Define Confrontation and why it is used
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Face to face discussion between people in conflict
- when used properly it can "clear the air" |
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Define Criticism ( sandwich technique)
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- Positive statement
- Constructive - Compliment |
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Define exercise adherence
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Sticking together or faithfully confirming to a standard behavior in order to meet some goal
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List the 6 benefits of exercise
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1. Mortality/Longevity
2. Physical/Physiological 3. Cognitive 4. Psychological 5. Financial 6. Other |
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Compare exercise in relation to mortality/longevity
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- Mortality rates have been found to be in the most fit individuals
- Regular exercise can slow, and in some cases reverse, functional losses associated with aging |
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Compare exercise in relation to Physical/Physiological
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- Weight control
- Decreases resting heart rate - Improve max VO2 - Prevents high blood pressure - Reduces coronary heart disease risk - Decreases % body fat - Maintains bone density |
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Compare exercise in relation to cognitive
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Chronic exercise has been shown to improve cognitive functioning
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Compare exercise in relation to psychological
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- Decreased stress
- Decreased anxiety - Decreased depression - Improved mood - Improved self-esteem - Improved perception of quality of life |
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Compare exercise in relation to financial
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- Increased productivity
- Less time lost from job - Reduction in health care costs |
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Compare exercise in relation to other
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- Enjoyment
- Socialization |
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List reasons for not exercising
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- Lack of time
- Lack of energy - Lack of motivation - Lack of skill - Lack of resources - Lack of support |
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List determinants of exercise
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- Personal factors
- Social factors - Situational factors - Program factors |
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List the four determinants of personal exercise
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1. Personal factors
2. Social factors 3. Situational factors 4. Program factors |
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List the 3 theoretical approaches to exercise adherence
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1. Health Belief Model
2. Theory of reasoned action 3. Theory of planned behavior |
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Describe Health Belief model
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Likelihood of engaging in preventive health behaviors depends on one's perception of the severity of a potential illness vs. the appraisal of costs and benefits of taking action
Ex. ( Potential illnesses associated with not exercising are serious, He or she is at risk, Pros outweigh the cons -------> Individual likely to exercise) |
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Describe theory of reasoned action
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Intentions are best predictors of actual behavior, they are the product of attitude toward a particular behavior and subjective norms
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Describe theory of planned behavior
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Intentions cannot be the sole predictor of behavior, especially in situations where people lack control over the behavior
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List some strategies for enhancing adherence
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- Encourage social support from significant others
- Make the exercise enjoyable, use variety and music - Tailor the intensity, frequency, and duration to the individual - Exercise in a group or with a buddy - Reinforce success - Offer a choice of activities - Suggest keeping daily logs - Focus on dissociative cues rather than associative cues while exercising |
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Define leadership
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A behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals
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What are the two types of leadership and define them
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1. Prescribed
Ensure demands of organization are satisfied (meet goals and objectives) 2. Emergent Ensure the needs of the group members are satisfied (maximum opportunity to achieve success) |
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What are the two major aspects of the leaders role
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1. Organizational requirements - productivity and performance (task orientation)
2. Personal requirements; needs and aspirations, satisfaction (support orientation) |
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What are the three basic decision making styles and briefly explain them
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1. Autocratic - coach makes decisions on own
preferred by: older athletes, males, during stressful situations 2. Participative - coach and athlete(s) make joint decisions preferred by: female athletes, low stress periods 3. Delegative - coach lets individual or group make own decisions preferred by: low quality decisions, uncomplicated decisions |
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What are the four components of effective leadership
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1. Leader's qualities (intelligence, assertion, etc.)
2. Leader style (autocratic, democratic, etc.) 3. Follow characteristics (gender, ability, etc.) 4. Situational factors ( team size, traditions, etc.) |
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What are the four advantages of a participative style
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1. Greater group acceptance and implementation
2. Greater self-determination and responsibility 3. Broader information base which generates more solution alternatives 4. Improved quality of decision through generation of more original and creative solutions |
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What are the four disadvantages of a participative style
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1. Time it takes to make a decision
2. Individuals can solve complex problems more efficiently than a group can 3. Desire for consensus can effect the quality of the decision thus the productivity or performance of the group 4. Intragroup conflict due to self-interest can be detrimental to performance |
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Implication of Participative styles
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Coach must learn to adjust his decision style as the situation warrants
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Define Group dynamics
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Term used to depict the vitality and changing nature of groups and to identify the field of study that focuses on the behavior groups
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Why is a sports team an ideal setting for research on group dynamics
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- Natural not laboratory setting
- Can hold constant many co founding variables ( size, rules of conduct, etc.) - It provides an ideal context for studying cooperation, competition, conflict - Through it's multitude of statistics, it offers many objective measures of group effectiveness - Groups are not necessarily a team |
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Define a sports team (list some examples)
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- A collection of two or more individuals
- A common identity - Common goals and objectives - Structured patterns of interaction and modes of communication - Are interdependent - Interpersonal attraction - Consider themselves a group |
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What are the four stages for how a team becomes a group
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1. Forming
2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing |
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Define "Forming"
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- Belong/make the team
- Develop interpersonal relationships - Determine roles (formal/informal) |
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Define "Storming"
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- Resistance to control
- Rebel against the leader - Stress and tension |
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Define "Norming"
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- Solidarity and cooperation
- Group cohesion (team unity) - Combined effort towards a common task (win) - Induces behavior, belief, performacn |
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Define "Performing"
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- Well defined roles
- Stable relationships - Importance of everyone's contribution - Primary goal is team success |
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Define Team climate
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How individuals perceive the interrelationships among the group members
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List ways of how to be social supportive
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- Emotional support
- Performance feedback - Role clarification - Empathy - Listen to others |
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Define Proximity
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Near each other (close contact)
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Define distinctiveness
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Own identity (unique)
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How to exert fairness
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- Equal treatment by coach
- Compatibility - Communication - Help to improve everyone's ability |
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Define how to have similarity
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Commitment, goals, attitudes, expectations, aspirations
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Define task interdependence
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All group members benefit (or suffer) from the group's performance (common fate) - teammates responsible to each other
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provide outline for group effectiveness
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Actual productivity = Potential productivity = Losses due to faulty group processes
(based on groups resources) (process loses, etc. reduced motivation) |
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Define Group cohesion in three different ways
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1. Result of all forces acting on members to remain in the group
2. Resistance of the group to disruptive forces 3. Dynamic proves reflected in the tendency for a group to attract members, stick together, and remain united in the pursuit of its goals and/ or the satisfaction of its members |
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List the four Fundamental characteristics of group cohesion
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1. Multidimensional - numerous factors cause groups to stick together
2. Dynamic - can change over time 3. Instrumental - groups stick together for task purposes (to achieve common goals and objectives) 4. Affective - groups stick together because members like/enjoy each others company (social attraction) |
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List some Environmental/Situational factors that influence group cohesion
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- Contractual, eligibility, transfer, geographical boundaries
- Normative, social pressures on a quitter - Organizational orientation (goals strategies, maturity, sex, age, etc.) - Group size - moderately sized groups are the best from both a task and social perspective - Geography |
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List some Personal factors that influence group cohesion
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- Variable (demographics, cognitions, behaviors)
- Similarity (shared attributes - personality, sex, background) - Shared attitudes and motives - Adherence, social loafing, sacrifice - Satisfaction - Circular relation between cohesion, satisfaction, and performance |
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List some leadership styles that influence group cohesion
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- Task oriented behaviors
- Communication - Decision making style - Coach/athlete compatibility |
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List some team factors that influence group cohesion
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- Performance success over a long period
- Shared experience especially negative - Team stability - Communication - Collective efficacy |
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As a result cohesion branches off into two smaller subcategories. What are they
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1. Group outcomes
2. Individual outcomes |
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What does the conceptual model for measuring group cohesion do
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- Distinguishes between individual and group aspects of involvement
- Also distinguishes between task and social aspects of cohesiveness |
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How can motivation be enhanced
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- use variety and novelty during practice
- change practice routines - change player positions, generates appreciation - provide special attention |
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Describe the Hawthorne effect
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The purpose was to examine the influence of different aspects of the work environment on productivity and moral
- Conditions in the plant were systematically altered - Changes produced an increase in productivity - Conclusion it wasn't the changes that made as much as the special attention that was given to the individuals that influenced productivity |
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What are the needs that every human has
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Activity, curiosity, manipulation, exploration, physical contact
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Define simplification principle
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- Repetition produces less arousal, less complexity, less stimulation and more adaptation
- Results in reduced motivation on a daily basis |
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Define Habituation Principle
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More experienced = demand for greater change and complexity
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Define Sensory Deprivation
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Isolation and reduction of most environmental stimulation
- Results in disorientation and mental stress |
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Define Novelty
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Creates selective attention and speeds learning
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