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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What architectural parameters make tendons different to ligaments? |
Fibre length, Pennation angle, Tendon length, Fibre type, Moment arm, Size. |
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What do long fibres & short tendons create? |
Large active range of motion at joints (Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow). |
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Shorter Fibres and long tendons are important for... |
Elastic energy storage. |
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Does kinetic and potential energy increase or decrease in early stance of running? |
Decrease. |
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What determines how much a tendon will strain? |
Strain = change in length / initial length |
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What is the stiffness of a tendon dependent on? |
It's cross sectional area (CSA). |
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More collagen fibres leads to a tendon having...? |
A greater resistance to stretch. |
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What does a stiffer tendon lead to? |
It being able to withstand / transmit more force. Less strain for a given force. It will store less energy for a given force. |
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What occurs to tendons in relation to Hysterisis (physical property lags behind changes in effect causing it)? |
Tendon is not a perfectly elastic structure. Approximately 7% of energy is lost to heat. Tendons heat up during exercise which may lead them to damage. |
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In human running, where is the most elastic energy stored? |
The ankle and foot joint. With energy being stored in the Achilles tendon and ligaments of the foot. |
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What are the invasive and non-invasive methods to measure force and strain in tendons through vivo? |
invasive = tendon buckle & fibre optics non-invasive = ultrasound |
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What percentage does damage occur at through strain? |
5-12% However strains from walking, running, hopping & jumping occurred at 3-10%. |
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What are the Pros, Cons and functions of ultrasound procedures? |
Functions = High frequency sound waves that reflect and absorbed by tissues of different densities to create a picture. Pros = Cheap and available machinery, low risk. Cons = High skill level required, difficult to get general picture of area. |
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Actin and Myosin interact to form cross bridges, what does the number of cross bridges formed result in? |
Amount of force |
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What type of muscualar contraction is muscle most likely to fail in? |
Eccentric contraction. Force generated by muscle is less than external force & muscle fibres are lengthened by the external force. (It occurs during all sorts of activities and is an essential element of controlling movement, but when not controlled it is dangerous to muscle). |
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What determines how much force a muscle produces? |
How many cross bridges are formed. - Length of the muscle fibres (sarcomeres) at that point in time - Contraction velocity (how quickly cross bridges have to cycle) - Time since onset of activation - Activation level |
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When does muscle tearing occur? |
When the sarcomeres are lengthened too much. Muscles are more unstable when operating on descending limb. |
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Where does tearing usually occur? |
The muscle fascicle --> Aponeurosis junction |
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What may increase the strain in Hamstrings at the end of the swing phase? |
Muscle strength & Neuromuscular control |
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What inflammatory responses follow injury? |
Influx of neutrophils to injury area. Oxidative burst of neutrophils cause more damage to fascicles |
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What are the roles and functions of muscles and tendons? |
Muscles = active: generating force Tendons = passive: resisting force (Both elements can fail if the external force exceeds the force generated or force resisted) |
