Sponges

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Sponges

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Belong to phylum Porifera, they are sessile animals. Water is carried through their canal systems to bring them food and oxygen and carry away body wastes.

Hint 1

Phylum: Porifera

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ECM

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Extra cellular Matrix: cells attach to each other or an ECM, the animal ECM contains collagens and proteoglycans, making it distinct from the ECM's of other lineages

Hint 2

E- Extra

C- Cellular

M- Matrix

Page 130 in animal diversity textbook

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Spicules

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One of the minute calcareous or siliceous skeletal bodies found in sponges, radiolarians, soft corals, and sea cucumbers.

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Calcareous or siliceous skeletal bodies

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Homoscleromorpha

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A class of sponge with absent skeleton or of siliceous spicules without an axial filament

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No skeleton

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Calcarea

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A class of sponge with calcium carbonate spicules

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Calcium spicules

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Demospongiae

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A class of sponge that has spicules not with 6 rays, but with spongin network often present. Siliceous spicules organized around an axial filament.

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Non 6 ray spicule sponge, spongin network often present

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Hexactinellida

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Spicules with 6 rays. Syncytial trabecular reticulum.

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Spicules with 6 rays

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Ostia

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Many tiny openings in sponges

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Small holes

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Oscula

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Plural: Osculum - Large opening on sponge that serve as water outlets

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Expelling waste and water on sponges

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Choanocytes

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Flagellated collar cells, these cells flagella maintain a current of environmental water through the canals in sponges.

Hint 10

Collar cells, collar bodies, flagella

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Choanocyte lining

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Forms the choanoderm

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Linked choanocytes

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Dermal ostia

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In current pores in a sponge

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In current canals

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Choanocytes part 2

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Keeps the water moving while also able to trap and phagocytize food particles from the water.

Hint 13

Captures food particles

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Canal systems

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Asconoid, Syconoid, and Leuconoid

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Canal systems

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Asconoids

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Has the simplest organization. They are small and tube-shaped. Water enters through microscopic dermal pores into a large cavity.

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Tube shaped sponges

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Spongocoel

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Central cavity in sponges, lined with choanocytes.

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Central area

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Stolon

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A stem

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Syconoids

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Look like larger editions of asconoids, from which they were derived. They have a tubular body and single osculum.

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Flagellated canals

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Radial canals

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Choanocyte layer is folded back and forth to make canals. Water entering moved through dermal pores to incurrent canals and then into radial canals via small lateral openings called prosopyles.

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Twisted openings

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Leuconoids

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Most complex of the sponge types and permits an increase in sponge size. Most leuconoids form large masses with numerous oscula.

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Complex sponges

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Leuconoids part 2

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Clusters of flagellated chambers are filled from incurrent canals and discharge water into excurrent canals that eventually lead to the osculum. There is no spongocoel. Most sponges are of the leuconoid type which occurs in most Calcarea and in all other classes.

Hint 21

Most sponges are leuconoids

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Mesohyl

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Sponge cells make layers, as in the choanoderm and pinacoderm. The mesohyl is the "connective tissue" of the sponges. It contains various ameboid cells, fibrills, and skeletal elements.

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Connective tissue

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Pinacocyte

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The nearest approach to a true tissue in sponges of the external pinacoderm layer. Thin, flat, epithelial-type cells cover the exterior surface and some interior surfaces.

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Exterior and interior epithelial cells

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Porocytes

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Tubular cells that pierce the body wall of asconoid sponges, through which water flows.

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Tubular cells

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Myocytes

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Some pinacocytes are modified and are usually arranged in circular bands around the oscula or pores, where they help regulate the rate of water flow.

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Modified pinacocytes

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Choanocytes part 3

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Lines flagellated canals and chambers, are ovoid cells with one end embedded in mesohyl and the other exposed. The exposed end bears a flagellum surrounded by a collar.

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Flagellated collar bodies

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Archaeocytes

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Ameboid cells that move through the mesohyl and perform a number of functions. They can phagocytize particles at the external epithelium and receive particles for digestion from choanocytes.

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Ameboid cells

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Archaeocytes part 2

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Archaeocytes differentiate into three different types:

Sclerocytes - secrete spicules

Spongocytes - secrete spongin fibers of the skeleton

Collencytes - secrete fibrillar collagen

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Multi type ameboid cells

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Types of skeletons

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The skeleton gives support to a sponge preventing collapse of canals and chambers. The major structural protein in the animal kingdom is collagen, and fibrils of collagen occur throughout the extra cellular matrix of all sponges.

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Demospongiae part 2

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Secrete a form of collagen traditionally called spongin. They also secrete siliceous spicules and calcareous sponges secrete spicules composed mostly of crystalline calcium carbonate that have one, two, three, or four rays.

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Collagen and siliceous spicules

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Hexactinellida part 2

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Glass sponges that have siliceous spicules with six rays arranged in three planes at right angles to each other.

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Glass sponges

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Sponge digestion

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Entirely intracellular (occurs within cells), which is performed by the archaeocytes. Sponges consume a significant portion of their nutrients in the form of organic matter dissolved in water circulating through the system.

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Within the cells digestion occurs

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Organs

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Sponges have no respiratory or excretory organs; these functions are performed by diffusion.

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Diffusion digestion and excretion

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Monoecious

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All sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They have both male and female sex cells in one individual.

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Both male and female

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Parenchymula

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Free-swimming larva of most sponges.

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Larva of sponges

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Gemmules

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Freshwater sponges and some Marine sponges reproduce asexually by regularly forming internal buds.

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Asexual buds

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Class Calcarea (Calcispongiae)

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Calcarea are calcareous sponges because their spicules are made of calcium carbonate. Their spicules are straight monaxons or have three or four rays. The sponges tend to be small 10 cm or less in height and tubular or vase shaped.

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Tubular or vase shaped

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Class Hexactinellida

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Are nearly all deep-sea forms. Most are radially symmetrical and range in length from 7 to 10 cm to more than 1 m. One distinguishing feature, reflected in the name Hexactinellida, is the skeleton of six-rayed siliceous spicules bound together in an exquisite glass like lattice work.

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Glass sponge lattice work

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Trabecular reticulum

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Many nuclei inside a very large cell.

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Many nuclei

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Collar bodies

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Choanoblasts are unusual cells that make two or more flagellated outgrowths. Choanoblasts and other cells are connected to each other, and to the trabecular reticulum by cytoplasmic bridges.

Hint 40

Outgrowths choanoblasts

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Class Demospongiae

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Comprise approximately 80% of all sponge species, including most larger sponges. Their skeletons may be composed of siliceous spicules, spongin fibers, or both. All members of this class are leuconoid and all are Marine except for one family, the freshwater Spongillidae.

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Phylogeny

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Sponges originated before the Cambrian period.

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Cambrian time period