Spokanemedex19 Respiratory Patho

Front 1

Key elements of Atelectasis

Back 1

1. Alveolar collapse.

2. Causes: mucus plug, effusion, foreign body, and others.

Front 2

4 Conditions of diffuse Obstructive disorder

Back 2

1. Emphysema.

2. Chronic bronchitis.

3. Bronchiectasis.

4. Asthma.

5. Unable to expel air.

Front 3

Conditions of/lead to

Diffuse Restrictive disorders

Back 3

1. Chest wall disorder, unable to expand.

2. Obesity.

3. Marked by reduced lung volume.

4. The infiltrative conditions.

Front 4

Key elements of Chronic Bronchitis

Back 4

1. Chronic inflammation of the bronchi.

2. Inflammation is permanent.

3. Smoking is primary cause.

4. Persistent productive cough for a consecutive 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years.

5. Mucus hypersecretion.

Front 5

Key elements of Bronchiectasis

Back 5

1. Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of the muscle and supporting tissue

2. Copious amounts of Purulent sputum.

3. Radiographic results showing bronchial dilation.

4. Causes include cystic fibrosis, TB, and recurring aspiration pneumonitis.

Front 6

Key elements of Asthma

Back 6

1. Severe Dyspnea with wheezing.

2. Reversible.

3. Bronchoconstriction.

4. Obstruction and inflammation process.

5. Hyperinflation of the lungs/air trapping distal to bronchi which are filled with mucus and debris.

Front 7

Key elements of Emphysema

Back 7

1. Most common form of COPD.

2. Destruction of alveoli and walls, usually in upper lobes of lungs.

3. Dyspnea which becomes progressively worse

4. DOE

5. Reduced PFT’s.

6. Weight loss.

Front 8

Key elements of Atopic Asthma

Back 8

1. Most common form of asthma

2. IgE–mediated hypersensitivity reaction

3. Often preceded by allergic rhinitis, urticaria, or eczema

Front 9

Key elements of Non-atopic Asthma

Back 9

1. Do not have evidence of allergen sensitization.

2. Respiratory infections due to viruses

Front 10

Key elements of Drug-Induced Asthma

Back 10

1. Pharmacologic agents provoke asthma.

2. Aspirin being the most striking example.

3. Also other NSAIDS

Front 11

Key elements of Occupational Asthma

Back 11

1. Stimulated by fumes (epoxy resins, plastics), organic and chemical dusts (wood, cotton, platinum), gases (toluene), and other chemicals.

2. Usually develop after repeated exposure to the inciting antigen(s)

Front 12

Definition of diffuse interstitial fibrosis.

Back 12

1. Group of lung diseases that lead to scarring and reduced alveolar function

Front 13

What is the unifying pathogenic factor that result in diffuse interstitial fibrosis.

Back 13

1. Injury to the alveoli with macrophage activation and release of fibrogenic cytokines such as TGF-Beta.

Front 14

What 3 major agents result in Mineral dust pneumoconiosis?

Back 14

1. Coal dust.

2. Crystaline silica (quartz).

3. Asbestos.

Front 15

Key elements of coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP)

Back 15

1. Coal dust accumulates, fibrosis is extensive and lung function is compromised.

2. Carbon pigments are engulfed by macrophages.

3. Nodules have collagen in them.

4. Usually start in the upper lobes.

Front 16

Key elements of Crystaline silica

"Silicosis"

Back 16

1. Most prevalent occupational disease in the world.

2. “whorls” of collagen fibers under microscope.

3. Silicosis is associated with an increased susceptibility to tuberculosis.

4. Silicia particles interact with epithelial cells and macrophages.

Front 17

Key elements of Asbestos

Back 17

1. Causes asbestosis.

2. Can be serpentine or amphibole.

3. Begins in the lower lobes of the lung.

4. Pleural plaques are the most common manifestion of asbestos.

5. Onset is usually 10-20 years.

Front 18

What occupations are most at risk for Silicosis?

Back 18

1. Sandblasting.

2. Hard-rock mining.

Front 19

Describe the links between asbestos of lung cancer.

Back 19

1. Causes fibrosis due to interaction of lung macrophages with asbestos particles.

2. Functions both as a Tumor Initiator and a Tumor Promoter.

3.

Front 20

Key elements of Sarcoidosis

Back 20

1. Unknown etiology.

2. Presence of noncaseating granulomas.

3. Usually involves multi systems.

4. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy.

5. Reduced lung compliance and volume.

6. Flow not obstructed.

Front 21

Causes of pulmonary embolism.

Back 21

1. Most arise from thrombi within the large deep veins of the lower legs.

2. Prolonged bedrest.

3. Surgery.

4. Congestive heart failure.

Front 22

Pathological Consequences of pulmonary embolism.

Back 22

1. Largely depends on the size of the embolus, which in turn dictates the size of the occluded pulmonary artery.

2. Increase in pulmonary artery pressure.

3. Ischemia of the downstream pulmonary parenchyma.

Front 23

Clinical Consequences of Pulmonary Embolism.

Back 23

1. Most pulmonary emboli (60% to 80%) are clinically silent because they are small.

2. In 5% of cases, sudden death, acute right-sided heart failure (acute cor pulmonale).

3. Recurrent multiple emboli lead to pulmonary hypertension.

Front 24

Define primary pulmonary hypertension.

Back 24

1. Idiopathic

2. All other causes of pulmonary hypertension has been excluded.

Front 25

Causes of secondary pulmonary hypertension.

Back 25

1. Chronic obstructive or interstitial lung disease.

2. Recurrent pulmonary emboli.

3. Antecedent heart disease.

4.

Front 26

Pathogen of community-acquired acute

pneumonia

Back 26

strep pneumoniae (pneumonia shot)

Front 27

Pathogen of community-acquired atypical

pneumonia

Back 27

1. mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 28

Pathogen of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia

Back 28

1. Gram negative rods belonging to enterobacteriaceae (klebsiella, serratia marcescens).

2. Usually drug resistant.

Front 29

Pathogen of aspiration pneumonia.

Back 29

1. Anaerobic oral flora. (bacterioides, prevotella)

2. Gram negative bacilli, staph, strep, or

anaerobes.

Front 30

Risk factors associated with pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumonia.

Back 30

1. Decreased or absent splenic function (sickle cell, splenectomy).

2. Immunoglobulin defects (AIDS)

Front 31

Risk factors associated with pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae. (Gram negative

bacteria)

Back 31

1. Chronic bronchitis.

2. Cystic fibrosis.

3. Bronchiectasis

Front 32

Risk factors associated with pneumonia caused by Moraxella catarrhalis

Back 32

1. Associated with ventilator use

2. Causes otitis media in children.

3. COPD.

Front 33

Risk factors associated with pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Back 33

1. After a viral respiratory illness.

Front 34

Risk factors associated with pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumonia

Back 34

1. Malnourished people like chronic alcoholics.

2. Living in Taiwan.

3. Empyema (infection in the pleural space).

Front 35

Risk factors associated with pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Back 35

1. Hospital (nosocomic) acquired.

2. Low neutrophils (Immune Compromised).

Front 36

Risk factors associated with pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila

Back 36

1. Organ transplant recipients.

2. Hot tub

3. Cardiac.

Front 37

Key elements of Tuberculosis.

Back 37

1. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

2. Chronic granulomatous.

3. Caseous necrosis.

4.

Front 38

Infection versus disease of TB

Back 38

1. Infection is the seeding of a focus with organisms, May or may not cause clinically significant tissue damage, reside in a dormant state.

2. Disease is when Infectious organisms reactivate to produce communicable and potentially life-threatening disease.

Front 39

What type of hypersensitive test is associated with the PPD test?

Back 39

Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction.

Front 40

Classic pathologic features of TB

Back 40

1. Ghon focus is a granulomatous formation in response to TB.

2. When infection spreads to adjacent lymph nodes, called Ghon complex.

3.

Front 41

Primary TB vs Secondary TB

Back 41

1. Primary develops in a previously unexposed and therefore unsensitized patient, First exposure, often at childhood.

2. Secondary is a pattern of disease that arises in a previously sensitized host, result of reactivation of dormant primary lesions. Classically localized to the apex.