Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
spirochetes multiply by
|
binary fission
|
|
|
spirochetes
gm? |
gram neg
|
|
|
causes syphilis, yaws, and pinta, also non-pathogenic in oral cavity intestin, and genitalia
|
genus treponema
|
|
|
cause of relapsing fever and lyme disease
|
Borrelia
|
|
|
cause of leptospirosis
|
leptospira
|
|
|
agent of human syphilis
|
treponema pallidum
|
|
|
treponema pallidum can be made visible by
|
"dark field microscopy", immunoflourescense, by deposition of silver salts on bacterial surface, or by electron microscopy
|
|
|
is gram stain usefull to identify treponema pallidum
|
no - too htin
|
|
|
how long will live organisms of treponema survive in whole blood? tissues?
|
24 hours, several days in tissues
|
|
|
live bacteria of treponema can be stored for many years at what temp
|
-80 degrees C
|
|
|
what is the mode of transmission for treponema pallidum
|
direct contact of genitalia or mucous membranes or from mother to fetus (congenital syphilis)and also transfusion with freshly obtained blood
|
|
|
what is the incubation period for syphilis
|
2-6 weeks - clincial evidence of disease is absent but bacterial replication at the site of entry as well as secondary sites is very active
|
|
|
chancre
|
primary lesion appearing 1-4 weeks after exposure to treponema - heals spontaneously also see focal lymphadenopathy
|
|
|
the secondary lesions caused by treponema occurs when and is characterized by what
|
2 weeks or 20 weeks after infection. may be generalized skin rash or mucosa
also may result in renal dysfunction or arthritis the mucous is highly infectious |
|
|
secondary syphilis may result in
|
arthritis, renal dysfunction, or other abnormalities - mucosal lesions are highly infectious
|
|
|
tertiary lesions in syphilis may occur many years after infection and may occur in
|
CNS, aortic valves of heart - organisms are generally not seen - there is alot of damage due to hypersensitivity
|
|
|
VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory test
|
non-specific - highly sensitive
used to test for syphilis (a flocculation test (clumping on slide with cardiolopin) |
|
|
RPR (rapid plasma reagin) test
|
non-specific sensitive test
antigen is absorbed to carbon particles - making clumping easier to detect when testing for syphilis |
|
|
what are the two non-specific tests
|
VDRL and RPR
|
|
|
FTA-ABs (Fluorescent treponenal Ab - absorption) test:
|
specific test to confirm non-specific test for syphillis
patients serum is first absorbed with non-pathogenic treponenmes to remove non-specific antibodies. this serum is then added to slide with T-pallidum (obtained commercially), washed, and made visible by the addition of a second fluorescent antibody |
|
|
at test which involves red cells coated with syphillis ag and pts serum
|
micro-hemagluttination
specific test to confirm non-specific test for syphillis involving red cells coated with T. pallidum antigen and serum from patient |
|
|
test which used antibody from patient which reacts directly in the presence of C with living T. pallidum causing organism to lose motility.
|
TPI (Trepomena pallidum immobilization test)
|
|
|
a test for syphilis may read positive in what three instances
|
mononulceosis, malaria and even in the absense of any disease
|
|
|
the incidence of false positives and negatives is higher in what tests for syphilis
|
VDRL and RPR (nonspecific tests) than for FTA-ABS (specific)
|
|
|
what is the antibiotic treatment for T. pallidum
|
penicillin
|
|
|
is there a vaccine from syphilis
|
no - T. pallidum cannot be cultured in vitro - hard to study.
contrast to leptospira which CAN be cultured |
|
|
a tropical disease caused by T. pertenue. non-venereal, transmission from sores of skin
|
yaws
|
|
|
what are the three majory groups of spirochete that cause human disease
|
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
|
|
|
is there transplacental tramission of yaws? positive syphilis test?
|
no transplacental tramission and yes positive syphilis test
|
|
|
how do you treat yaws
|
penicillin
|
|
|
disease common among children in syria. simila to yaws. organism is subspecies of T. pallidum (endemicum)
|
Bejel
|
|
|
disease of central and south america caused by T. carateum. flat, non-ulcerating skin lesions of hands an feet, scalp, heal spontaneously - sensitive to penicillin
|
pinta
|
|
|
Borrelia causes what two diseases
|
Relapsing fever and lyme disease
|
|
|
the relapse of fever caused by borrelia is due to?encoded by?
|
antigenic variation of surface protiens - which is encoded on a linear plasmid
|
|
|
treatment of lyme disease
|
tetracycline (ampicillin for young children)
|
|
|
Borrelia burgdorferi causes
|
lyme disease
|
|
|
treatment of T. pallidum
|
Penicillin (or tetracycline, erythromycin)
|
|
|
vaccine for T. pallidum?
|
no effective one available
|
|
|
"mother yaws"
|
primary lesion in laws caused by T. pertenue - resembles a rasberry
|
|
|
lesions in this disease may appear in bones and disfigure the face - organism is sensitive to penicillin
|
yaws - T. pertenue
|
|
|
organism does not grow on artifiial media but grows in chick embryo
|
borrelia
|
|
|
how do you diagnose lyme disease
|
symptoms and on expanding bright red rash. sometimes ELISA to detect Ab against Borrelia Burgdorferi
|
|
|
what is the pathogenesis of Borrelia causing lyme disease
|
1. bite by tick - papule w/ expandig erythema
2. 3-14 days later - fever, headache, stiff neck, malaise 3. various neurologic and cardiac involvements 4. migrating episodes of arthritis. 5. chronic arthritis if not treated |
|
|
what is a late manifestation of lyme disease which has gone untreated
|
chronic arthritis - 3-5 yrs after first symptoms (also seen in those who dont respond to tetracycline treatment)
|
|
|
treament for lyme disease (children vs adults)
|
tetracycline for adults and ampicillin for young children
|
|
|
The vaccine for lyme disease contains what
|
outer Surface protein A (OspA)
|
|
|
which organism does not have a requirement for iron
|
Borellia Burgdorferi (causes Lyme disease)
|
|
|
what metal does Borellia Burgdorferi need in higher numbers
|
manganese
|
|
|
how is leptospirosis transmitted?
|
by rats, dog urine through skin, upper alimentary mucosa
|
|
|
manifestations of this disease include nephritis, jaundice, meningitis
|
leptospirosis
|
|
|
pathogenesis of leptospirosis
|
enters blood, invades various tissues, organs particularly kidney, liver, meninges, conjunctiva
|
|
|
Weil's disease
|
a disease caused by leptospirosis, infectious jaundice caused by one serotype leads to renal hepati injury with fatality rate as high as 25%
|
|
|
how do you diagnose leptospira
|
it can be grown and identified by serological methods
|
|
|
treatment of leptospirosis
|
penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline
|
|
|
vaccine for leptospira
|
none available
|
|
|
has no cell wall
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
smallest bacteria with autonomous reproduction
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
adds the the rigidity of the cell membrane of mycoplasma
|
cholesterol
|
|
|
do mycoplasma have spores
|
no
|
|
|
three features of mycoplasma colonies
|
1. slow growth
2. fried egg appearance 3. sterols needed |
|
|
how does m.pneumoniae attach
|
P1 complex
|
|
|
how do you distinguish m. pneumoniae from other mycoplasma
|
fermenting glucose
|
|
|
m.pneumoniae can pass through what size filter
|
.4 mm
|
|
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae cause what kind of pneumoniae
|
atypical (spotty looking) also called summer pneumonia
|
|
|
why does the severity of summer pneumonia increase with age
|
prior exposure and predisposition to inflammmation
|
|
|
during early stages of pneumonia, serum taken from pts may show what three things
|
1. cold hemagglutinins
2. positive C fixation test 3. DNA probes |
|
|
a type of diagnostic test useful becuase of the slow growth of m.pneumoniae
|
DNA probes
|
|
|
this test may be positive in only have of pts with m.pneumoniae and includes the agglutinate human type O rbc
|
cold hemagglutinins (doesnt work at 37 degrees
|
|
|
ciliotosis
|
see m.pneumonia
elaboration of H202 / superoxide resulting in host cell membrane and DNA damage as well as altered energy metabolism |
|
|
the way in which m.pneumonia evades the immune system
|
cell surface variable lipoproteins (VLPs)
(VLPs also stabalize the bacterial membrane) |
|
|
how is m.pneumonia spread
|
close contact e.g playmates more than classmates
spread secondarily through family |
|
|
why would you not treat m.pneumonia with penecillin
|
penicillin inhibits cell wall synthesis and m.p does not have cell wall
|
|
|
what is the treatment for m.penu
|
erythromycin or tetracycline (if appropriate)
|
|
|
vaccine for M. pneu
|
no vaccine
immunity is short lived and indications are that the immune response itself plays a majory role in the disease symptoms |
|
|
commonly found in the female genital tract and highly correlated with various infections such as PID, endometritis, low birth weights, postpardum fever
|
M. homminis
|
|
|
resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to tetracycline
|
M. hominis
|
|
|
produces super antigen that may be repsponsible for some infectious arthritis
|
M. arthritidis
|
|
|
common inhabitant of gentital tract and responsible for perhaps 20% of nongonoccocal urethritis (NGU)not attributed to chlamydia
|
ureaplasma urealyticum
|
|
|
hydrolyszes urea
|
ureaplasma urealyticum
|
|
|
U. urealyticum is associated with infertility in males and is reversible with
|
doxycycline
|
|
|
M. genitalium has been linked be to
|
NGU in males
|
|
|
M. fermentans and M. incognitius have suggested to be cofactors for
|
HIV infections
|
|
|
will you see M. pneumonaie in gram stain of a sputum sample
|
no - they dont come up on a gram stain
|
|
|
how is m.pneumonia usually diagnosed
|
clinical picture - plus cold hemagglutinins, postivie c fixation, and DNA probes
|
|
|
gliding motility, attachment via P1, and ciliotosis are all pathogenic mechanisms used by
|
m. pneumonia
|
|
|
Spirochets genus treponema are found naturally where
|
oral cavity, intestine, and genetalia
|
|
|
with regards to syphilis when would a serological test be positive
|
late primary
|
|
|
a modern floculation test used to test for syphilis
|
Venearal Desease Research Lab test (VDRL)
|
|
|
a new version of the VRDL test where antigen is absorbed on carbon particles making clumping easier to detect
|
rapid plasma reagin
|
|
|
in terms of visibility using microscopy how does borrelia and treponemun differ
|
treponemal you need dark microscopy and borrelia you can see using ordinary light microscopy
|
|
|
B. recurrentis causes
|
causes relapsing fever
transmitted human to human via body louse |
|
|
generally an occupational hazard of sewage workers, slaughter house workers, or people in rat infested areas
|
leptospira (transmitted via animal urine)
|
