Spine - Article And Video Assignment Questions

Front 1

The reference standard is:
A. A criterion that defines the condition of interest.
B. The intended clinical use of a test.
C. The number of false positive results.
D. None of the above

Back 1

A. A criterion that defines the condition of interest.

Front 2

Which of the following is (are) true in relation to the reference standard?
The reference standard should be…
A. Valid and reliable.
B. Consistent with intended purpose of the diagnostic test.
C. Applied consistently to all subjects in the study and blinded
D. A and C
E. All of the above

Back 2

E. All of the above

Front 3

Sensitivity of the test…
A. Is the proportion of subjects with the condition who have a positive test.
B. When high is used to rule out those who do have the object/condition of interest.
C. When high is used to rule in those who have the condition.
D. A and B
E. A and C

Back 3

A. Is the proportion of subjects with the condition who have a positive test.

Front 4

According to the George 2000 article, the patient’s radicular complaints were reproduced with the slump test, as well as repeated motions indicating lumbar involvement.
A. True
B. False

Back 4

B. False

Front 5

In the Cleland et al 2006 article, the majority of the subjects in the study had no symptoms below the buttock and a negative slump test prior to participation.
A. True
B. False
C. This information is unknown.

Back 5

B. False

Front 6

In the Cleland et al 2006 article, the authors compared a group receiving exercises and mobilizations to a second group who received:
A. Only slump stretching in the clinic and at home.
B. Mobilizations and slump stretching.
C. Mobilizations, slump stretching, and exercises.
D. None of the above

Back 6

C. Mobilizations, slump stretching, and exercises.

Front 7

In the Cleland et al 2006 article, the authors found that…
A. Slump stretching alone is the best treatment for those predicted to improve with it.
B. The addition of slump stretching to joint mobilizations and exercises were better than joint mobilizations and exercise alone.
C. Subjects in the study did not improve unless slump stretching was added.
D. Slump stretching is not indicated in this patient cohort.

Back 7

B. The addition of slump stretching to joint mobilizations and exercises were better than joint mobilizations and exercise alone.

Front 8

Patients had a positive response to home seated and supine slump stretches and…
A. Joint mobilizations and stabilization exercises after 6 weeks
B. Joint mobilizations and stabilization exercises after 6 visits.
C. Clinic follow-ups for reassessment only; treatment was home stretching only

Back 8

B. Joint mobilizations and stabilization exercises after 6 visits.

Front 9

1. What is the issue with using radiographs as the diagnostic standard for lumbar instability?
A. High false-negative rates
B. High false-positive rates
C. Large inter-subject variations
D. A and B
E. B and C

Back 9

E. B and C

Front 10

2. In the Hicks et al, Interrater Reliability article, 2003, which of the following tests or set of tests had the best overall inter-rater reliability?
A. Presence of aberrant movements
B. Posterior shear test
C. Prone instability test
D. Beighton Ligamentous Laxity Scale

Back 10

C. Prone instability test

Front 11

3. According to the Hicks et al, 2005, CPR article, what is(are) the intent behind stabilization exercises?
A. To improve muscle motor control
B. To restrain micromotion
C. To hypertrophy muscles
D. A and B
E. All of the above

Back 11

D. A and B

Front 12

4. The Hicks et al, 2005, CPR study meets the criteria for which step(s) of the CPR process:
A. Derivation
B. Validation
C. Impact Analysis
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 12

A. Derivation

Front 13

5. What is(are) the issue(s) with using endurance tests for assessment of paraspinals muscles in patients with LBP?
A. patient’s pain level
B. patient’s motivation level
C. inability to isolate paraspinals muscles
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 13

E. All the above

Front 14

6. What were the findings of the Kankaanpaa et al, 1999, study?
A. Active rehab resulted in better pain reduction that passive rehab at 1 year
B. Active rehab resulted in better functional improvements than passive rehab at 1 year
C. Active rehab resulted in better pain reduction & functional improvements than passive rehab at 1 year
D. Active rehab resulted in better pain reduction, functional improvements, and paraspinal muscle endurance at 1 year
E. None of the above

Back 14

C. Active rehab resulted in better pain reduction & functional improvements than passive rehab at 1 year

Front 15

7. According to the Fritz et al, 2005, article, what is/are the proposed “gold standard(s)” for diagnosing lumbar instability?
A. Flexion-extension radiographs
B. Intra-operative stiffness measures
C. External fixation
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 15

E. All the above

Front 16

8. According to the Fritz et al study, 2005, which of the following was the best measure for “ruling-in” radiographic lumbar instability?
A. Younger age
B. Greater lumbar flexion
C. Greater lumbar extension
D. Beighton Scale > 2
E. Lack of hypomobility

Back 16

E. Lack of hypomobility

Front 17

According to the Fritz et al study, 2005, which of the following pairs explained about ½ the variability in the radiographic classification?
A. Age and Lumbar Flexion
B. Lumbar Flexion and Beighton Scale
C. Lumbar Flexion and Lack of Hypomobility
D. Beighton Scale and Lack of Hypomobility

Back 17

C. Lumbar Flexion and Lack of Hypomobility

Front 18

10. The initial portion of the range-of-motion where spinal motion is produced against minimal resistance is termed the…
A. Passive zone
B. Active zone
C. Neutral zone
D. Elastic zone
E. None of these

Back 18

C. Neutral zone

Front 19

11. End-range extension is limited by the following structure(s):
A. Anterior longitudinal ligament
B. Annulus fibrosis of disc
C. Facet joints
D. A and C
E. All the above

Back 19

E. All the above

Front 20

12. When is fusion for lumbar segmental instability typically recommended?
A. With severe symptoms and radiographic evidence of > 4mm translation
B. With severe symptoms and radiographic evidence of at least 5 degrees of rotation
C. When conservative management has failed
D. A and C
E. B and C

Back 20

D. A and C

Front 21

13. According to the McGill article, 1998, which of the following is true related to lifting?
A. The load should be close to the body.
B. Decreased energy is required to squat-lift when compared to stoop-lift.
C. Squat lifting is always recommended over stoop lifting.
D. Squat lifts should be used for lifting a large laundry basket full of clothes.
E. None of the above are true.

Back 21

A. The load should be close to the body.

Front 22

14. Sit-ups with the knees flexed…
A. Shut-down the psoas muscle
B. Reduce the compressive loads on the low back
C. Shorten the psoas muscle
D. A and B
E. A and C

Back 22

C. Shorten the psoas muscle

Front 23

15. Posterior pelvic tilting during exercises…
A. Flexes the lumbar spine
B. Increases disc loading
C. Increases posterior ligament loading
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 23

E. All the above

Front 24

16. According to McGill article, 1995, which of the following is false?
A. Unloaded flexion/extension ROM exercises are generally recommended.
B. Loaded flexion/extension ROM exercises may be prescribed for enhanced athletic performance.
C. Hip and knee flexibility is critical to decrease the demands for excessive spinal motion.
D. In athletes with prior spine injuries, end-range stretching is recommended.
E. All the above are true.

Back 24

D. In athletes with prior spine injuries, end-range stretching is recommended.

Front 25

According to the McGill article, 1995, which of the following abdominal muscle exercises demonstrate the highest quadratus lumborum activity?
A. Bent-knee sit-up
B. Cross curl-up
C. Side-support
D. Push-up
E. Bent-knee curl-up

Back 25

C. Side-support

Front 26

18. According to the Fritz et al 2000 article, when training transversus abdominis activation, which of the following is/are common with incorrect performance?
A. Posterior pelvic tilting
B. Breath holding
C. Rectus abdominis contraction
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 26

E. All the above

Front 27

19. To produce the greatest multifidus and erector spinae activity with the least amount of spinal loading, the preferred position is…
A. Prone with single arm lifts alternately
B. Quadruped
C. Inclined standing
D. Prone with opposite arm and leg lifts simultaneously
E. Prone upper and lower extremity lifts simultaneously

Back 27

B. Quadruped

Front 28

20. Per the Fritz et al, 2000, article, which of the following lower extremity muscles has been shown to lack endurance in individuals with chronic LBP?
A. Gluteus maximus
B. Gluteus medius
C. Piriformis
D. Quadriceps
E. Hamstrings

Back 28

A. Gluteus maximus

Front 29

21. Per the Hodges et al, 1996, article, which of the following is true regardless of the upper extremity movement?
A. In both participants with and without LBP, the transversus abdominis contracted before the prime mover.
B. In participants with LBP, the transversus abdominis contracted before the prime mover, but the other anterior trunk muscles did not.
C. In participants with LBP, none of the anterior trunk muscles contracted before the prime mover.
D. In participants without LBP, none of the anterior or posterior muscles contracted before the prime mover.
E. None of the above are true.

Back 29

C. In participants with LBP, none of the anterior trunk muscles contracted before the prime mover.

Front 30

22. According to McGill article, January 2001, the safest way to introduce torsional training while minimizing spinal loads is to perform…
A. Quadruped alternating limb exercises
B. Sit-ups with rotation
C. Curl-ups with rotation
D. Inclined standing rows
E. Quadruped rows

Back 30

D. Inclined standing rows

Front 31

23. According to the Whittaker et al, 2007, article, brightness mode ultrasound imaging can be used to measure all the following except…
A. Architectural features
B. Positional relationships between structures
C. Changes in muscles pre- and post-interventions
D. Muscle timing

Back 31

D. Muscle timing

Front 32

24. According to the Whittaker et al ,2007, article, ultrasound values vary based on the following…
A. Gender
B. Body mass index
C. Waist and hip circumferences
D. A and B
E. B and C

Back 32

D. A and B

Front 33

1. According to the Razmjou et al article, which of the following is/are true regarding the McKenzie method of examination:
A. There is much evidence supporting reliability and validity
B. There is much overlap among syndrome categories among untrained therapists
C. Reliability may be best for interpretation of pain behavior
D. A and B
E. B and C

Back 33

E. B and C

Front 34

2. According to the Razmjou et al article, which of the following is/are true regarding exclusion criteria:
A. Patients with neurological findings were excluded
B. Patients with a PMH of RA or surgery were excluded
C. Patients who fit more than one McKenzie diagnostic category were excluded
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 34

D. A and B

Front 35

3. According to the Razmjou et al article, all patients with symptoms less than 1 week were classified as…
A. Postural
B. Dysfunction
C. Derangement
D. Other
E. None of the above

Back 35

C. Derangement

Front 36

4. In the Razmjou et al article, older adults…
A. with mild spinal stenosis were excluded
B. were more difficult to reliably classify
C. represented over 1/3 of the sample
D. A and B
E. B and C

Back 36

E. B and C

Front 37

5. In the Razmjou et al article, generalizability of study results may be affected by:
A. Examiner training
B. Homogeneity of the sample
C. Heterogeneity of the sample
D. A and B
E. A and C

Back 37

D. A and B

Front 38

6. In the Razmjou et al article:
A. Examiners performed independent examinations one after the other
B. Examiners performed simultaneous examinations
C. Reliability may have been artificially inflated
D. A and C
E. B and C

Back 38

E. B and C

Front 39

7. In the Dorman et al article on prolotherapy, which of the following is/are true regarding the participants:
A. Participants had to have severe and persistent pain
B. Ligament had to be the suspected pain generator
C. Participants had to be ambulatory
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 39

E. All the above

Front 40

8. Which of the following findings is/are true in the Dorman et al article post-prolotherapy:
A. Patients had improvements in pain
B. Patients had improvements in fast walking speed
C. Patients had increased O2 consumption at faster walking speeds
D. A and B
E. All the above

Back 40

D. A and B

Front 41

9. In the Reeves and Hassanein article, what was the “active” injection?
A. Dextrose
B. Benzyl alcohol
C. Lidocaine
D. A and C
E. All the above

Back 41

E. All the above

Front 42

10. According to the Reeves and Hassanein article, in hand osteoarthritis, prolotherapy as compared to the “control” injection may result in:
A. > improvements in resting pain
B. > improvements in pain with movement
C. > improvements in flexion ROM
D. A and B
E. B and C

Back 42

E. B and C