Spine

Front 1

How many true vertebrae are there?

Back 1

24:

• 7 cervical
  
• 12 thoracic
  
• 5 lumbar
  

Front 2

What are the not true vertebrae?

Back 2

9 fused segments

• 5 sacral
  
• 3-5 coccyx
  

Front 3

Which curves develop in the spine in the fetal stage?

Back 3

the thoracic and pelvic curves

primary curves are kyphotic

Front 4

When do secondary curved develop?

Back 4

after birth

lordotic

Front 5

What is kyphosis?

Back 5

exaggerated concave curvature of the spine

Front 6

What are causes of kyphosis?

Back 6

• old age
  
• osteoporosis
  
• trauma
  

Front 7

What are causes of scoliosis?

Back 7

• congenital
  
• secondary to trauma or pathology
  

Front 8

Describe the body of the vertebrae

Back 8

• short cylinder
  
• formed on internal spongey bone with outer cortical shell
  

Front 9

Why are the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body roughened?

Back 9

for intervertebral disc attachmen

Front 10

What are the two short rounded bony processes projecting posteriorly, located on the posterior body surface?

Back 10

Pedicles

Front 11

What is the posterior continuation of the pedicles?

Back 11

Lamina

Front 12

Describe the structure of the lamina

Back 12

2 flat plates of bone that project backwards and medially

Front 13

What is the spinous process?

Back 13

projects posterior from the midline of the vertebrae and is formed by the fusion of the lamina

Front 14

Where do the transverse processes project from?

Back 14

the junction of the pedicle and lamina

Front 15

What are the transverse processes attachment sites for?

Back 15

longitudinal ligaments and muscles

Front 16

What is the neural arch formed by?

Back 16

• pedicles laterally
  
• laminae posteriorly
  
• vertebral body anteriorly
  

Front 17

What is the vertebral foramen?

Back 17

The space formed by the neural arch

contains and protects the spinal cord

Front 18

What is the vertebral arch?

Back 18

The posterior element of the vertebra

Front 19

What are the articular processes?

Back 19

2 pairs of facets: one superior and one inferior

Front 20

What is the zygapophysial joint?

Back 20

joint formed between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly superior

Front 21

What is the intervertebral foramina formed by?

Back 21

the superior and inferior vertebral notche

Front 22

What allows passage for spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord?

Back 22

The intervertebral foramina

Front 23

What do intervertebral discs allow for?

Back 23

slight movement of the vertebrae, acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together

Front 24

What is at the center of the intervertebral discs?

Back 24

semigelatinous material called nucleus pulposu

Front 25

What is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc called?

Back 25

annulus fibrous

Front 26

What are the typical and atypical vertebra of the C-spine?

Back 26

typical: C3-6

atypical: C1, C2, C7

Front 27

What is C1 called?

Back 27

The atlas

Front 28

Why is C1 atypical?

Back 28

• it has no vertebral body or spinous process
  
• has posterior tubercle instead
  
• large superior articular process to articulate with the occipital condyles of the cranium
  
• lateral masses bulky and solid
  
• each lateral mass has inferior and superior articular facet
  

Front 29

What is structurally different about typical vertebrae of the C-spine?

Back 29

have bifid tip spinous proces

Front 30

Why is C7 considered atypical?

Back 30

it has a prominent palpable spinous process that is typically not bifid

Front 31

Which vertebrae of the Thoracic spine are typical and atypical?

Back 31

Typical: T2-8

Atypical: T1, T9-12

Front 32

Why is T1 considered atypical?

Back 32

It has a whole facet for articulation of the first rib and a semifacet for the 2nd rib

typical T spine vertebrae have a superior and inferior demiface

Front 33

Why is T9 considered atypical?

Back 33

T9 only has a superior facet for rib 9

Front 34

Why are T10-12 atypical?

Back 34

They only have one demiface

Front 35

What is a unique feature of Tspine vertebral bodies?

Back 35

each typical vertebral body has two demi facets on either side of the rib articulation called costovertebral joint

Front 36

Which vertebrae of the lumbar spine are typical and atypical?

Back 36

Typical: L1-4

Atypical: L5

Front 37

Why is L5 atypical?

Back 37

• It has additional transverse processes for muscles attachment
  
• There is a junction of the Lspine to the 1st sacral segment
  
• body deeper anteriorly than posteriorly
  
• short transverse processes arising from both the lateral margins of the body and the pedicles
  

Front 38

How many vertebrae are there in the sacrum?

Back 38

5 fused vertebrae

Front 39

What part of the sacrum articulates with the ilium pelvic bone?

Back 39

Lateral masses/ala of sacrum articulate with the ilium pelvis bone to form the SI joint

Front 40

What do sacral foramina allow for?

Back 40

The passage of nerves

Front 41

What does the promontory bony landmark on S1 mark?

Back 41

The separation between the abdominal and pelvis cavities

Front 42

Does the sacrum have spinous processes?

Back 42

Yes it has small spinous processes posteriorly

Front 43

What is the ligamentum flavum/flava?

Back 43

strong ligament of yellow elastic tissue present on either side of the spinous process

preserves the normal curve of the spine