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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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measure of mechanical efficiency of a lever system
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mechanical advantage
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Mechanical Advantage (MAd) = (equation)
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MAd=EA/RA
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? is determined by the length of mechanical arms; the relationship b/w the torque of an external force and that of a muscular force
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mechanical advantage
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MAd = EA = RA =
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mechanical advantage, effort arm, resistance arm
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EA<RA = ? type of lever
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3 rd class
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3rd class lever exhibits a mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
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mechanical disadvantage b/c the effort arm is less than the resistance arm (shorter than)
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eccentric contraxn = ? (for the muscle) and is ? type of lever
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mm lengthens during contraction; second class lever
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2nd class lever is a mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
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mechanical advantage b/c ER/RA = >1
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in a ? class lever system, the effort force magnitude can be (but not necessarily) LESS THAN the resistance force (EA/RA= >1)
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second class lever system
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the muscle is the ? force in a second class lever system (eccentric contraction)
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resistance force
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the muscle is the ? force in a 3rd class lever system
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effort force
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3rd class lever systems are involved in ? type of contraction
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concentric
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in a 1st class lever system, the muscle is which force?
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can be either; IE) supraspinatus - rare in the human body
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1st class lever systems present a mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
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either but more often are a mechanical disadvantage b/c the RA tends to be much > than the EA
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in a first class lever system, the MAd is >.<. or = 1 ?
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MAd is either; > < or = 1 in a first class lever system
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describe an open chain
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one end of a segment or set of segments is free to move in space
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? chain is when both ends of a segment or set of segments are constrained and not free to move in space
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closed chain system
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example of a closed chain system
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leg presses against a foot plate
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t/f; "closed chain" is synonymous with "weight-bearing"
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false
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in ? chain injuries the injury is generally localized to the site where in ? chain injuries the entire chain may be effected
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open chain; closed chain
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explain what is meant by "form follows function"
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human CT and JTs depend on function to assume final form; & these can adapt to funx'l demands after they've achieved mature form
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the function of a joint is both dependant on and affects ? and ?
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structure (design) and composition (materials)
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the mobility of a joint is inversely related to
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joint stability
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more movement = more or less stability?
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less
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more stability = more or less mvmt?
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less mvmt
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what is wolfe's law?
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every change in function of a bone is followed by certain definite changes in its internal architecture and its external conformation
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bone and CT remodeling in response to stress =
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wolff's law
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bone and collagen have electrical fields like that of crystals which exhibit ? properties
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piezoelectric properties
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in the mechanism of wolff's law; increased ? = anode effect (+)
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tension
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in the mechanism of wolff's law; increased ? = cathode effect (-)
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compression
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according to wolff's law, the change in electrical flow does what
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attracts and realigns cells for remodeling (increased tension = + effect, increased compression = - effect)
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CT proper varies in ? and ?
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density and elasticity
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3 types of cartilage
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hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
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4 types of Human CT
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CT proper, cartilage, bone and blood
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types of bone
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compact (cortical) & spongy (cancellous, trabecular)
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bone is the hardest type of CT due to
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inorganic hydroyapatite
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aka for compact bone
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cortical bone
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aka's for spongy bone
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cancellous, trabecular
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? = fluid with cellular components
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blood
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? is the most abundant protein in the human body
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collagen
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? = the "glue" of the body and is the main substance of CT
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collagen
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collagen protein accounts for ?-?% of all protein found in mammals
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25-30%
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collagen has tremendous ? strength and thus provides the ? of CT
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tensile; functional integrity
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? connect bone to bone
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ligaments
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describe the structural composition of ligaments
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few cells w/ much ECM, mostly collagen w/ some elastin
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? connect mm to bone
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tendons
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describe the structural composition of ligaments
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few cells w/ much ECM, mostly collagen w/ some elastin
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? = flat sacs of synovial mb containing synovial fluid
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bursae
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function of bursae
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reduce friction b/w adjacent moving structures
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composition of cartilage =
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mainly collagen
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? is white and tough. has limited mobility and is found in jts w/ limited motion
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fibrocartilage
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IVDs, labra, SI joints all have what type of cartilage in them
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fibrocartilage
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? (articular) cartilage is tough and very smooth
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hyaline
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? cartilage occurs at the ends of bones (joint surfaces); greatly reduces friction
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hyaline
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elastic cartilage is what color
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yellow
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elastic cartilage's aka =
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elastin
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? cartilage is very flexible and resilient
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elastic
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places where elastic cartilage is found
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ears, nose, skin
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tissue type composition of ligaments = ?% cellular and ?% extracellular
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20% cellular, 80% extracellular
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fibroblasts are found in what types of collagen
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type I and type IV (loose CT)
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osteblasts and osteoids are found in what types of collagen
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type I and type IV
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chondroblasts are found in what types of collagen
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type II, IX, and XI (cartilage)
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cellular components of tissue function to
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synthesize and maintain the ECM
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non-fibrous components of the ECM = ? and function to
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glycoproteins; provide structural support for cells, attracts and binds proteoglycans
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fibrous components of the ECM function to
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provide supporting framework, structural support and elasticity for the tissue
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? is found in the dense fibrous tissue of the pericardium
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collagen
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? is found in the internal elastic lamina of a muscular artery
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elastin
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the gradual transition in materials (zones) that ligaments and tendons go through as they attach to bones and/or mm serves to
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diffuse load in the tissues
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muscular tissue is generally subjected to ? forces, where bone, cartilage and ligs are generally subjected to ?
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muscle = tensile forces; bone, cartilage and ligs = compressive and tensile forces
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ligs and tendons generally go thru a gradual transition in materials, classified into ?, as the attach to bones/mm
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zones
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? = external forces applied to a structure; produces ?
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load; deformation
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? = internal reaction to applied force (force per unit of cross-sectional material)
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stress
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? = relative material deformation resulting from stress
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strain
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load deformation in the ? region = slack is removed with minimal force
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toe region
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load deformation in the ? region = the structure returns to its original dimensions
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elastic region
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in load deformation, the ? point is the point b/w elastic and plastic regions
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yield point
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in load deformation, the ? region = deformation is permanent
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plastic region
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in load deformation, the ? point is where the material fails under load
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ultimate failure point
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4 types of loads
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tensile, compressive, shear and torsion
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? loading creates tensile strength and strain
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tensile loading
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compressive loading creates
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compressive stress and strain
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? is the result of parallel equal forces in opposite directions
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shear loading
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? is the result of forces applied perpendicular to the long axis of a structure
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torsion loading
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? = combined tension and compression stresses and strains
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bending forces
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? = a material's resistance to flow; a fluid property
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viscosity
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? = a material's ability to recover after deformation
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elasticity
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viscosity + elasticity =
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viscoelasticity
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? = material deformation to a maintained load; the original form is regained after the load is removed
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creep
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3 characteristics/components of viscoelasticity
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viscosity, elasticity and creep
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3 types of CT failure
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rupture, avulsion and fracture
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? = failure, tearing and disruption of CT ff; usually tendons, ligs and other soft tissue strux
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rupture
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? = tearing off of a bony attachment
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avulsion
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? = failure of a bony tissue
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fracture
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joint sprains = ? injury
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ligamentous
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describe a grade I joint sprain
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only a few fibers are involved; good chance of tissue recovery
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describe a grade II joint sprain
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more fibers involved and partial tearing occurs; does not completely recover
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describe a grade III joint sprain
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complete rupture; no chance of recovery; possible bone involvement
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bone can withstand significantly greater ? forces than ? forces before failure
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greater compressive than tensile
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tendons exhibit good ? strength
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tensile
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a reduction in tensile forces (aka ?) leads to atrophy, especially at the ? which are most vulnerable at the ends
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immobilization --> atrophy; esp at the MTJ (musculotendinous junxn)
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? can handle a wide range of load directions
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ligaments
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which exhibit less tensile strength, ligaments or tendons?
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ligaments
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which require longer recovery time, ligs or tendons?
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ligs
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recovery time for a ligament?
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up to 1 year
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? responds well to compressive forces and recovers rapidly due to fluid exudation and imbibitions
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cartilage
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cartilage responds well to ? forces and recovers well due to ?
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compressive forces; due to fluid exudation and imbibition
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? connect bony components using fibrous and/or cartilagenous CT
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synarthroses
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cranial sutures, gomphoses (teeth) and symdesmosis (interosseous mbs) are examples of?
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Fibrous types of synarthroses
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pubic symphysis, IVDs, 1st rib and areas of bone growth (synchondrosis) are examples of ?
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cartilagenous types of synarthroses
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? connect bony surfaces indirectly by means of a joint capsule (aka: ?)
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diarthroses aka synovial joints
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5 features of diarthroses
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1. joint capsule, 2. joint cavity, 3. inner lining of synovial tissue, 4. synovial fluid, 5. hyaline cartilage on jt surfaces
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? connect bony components using fibrous and/or cartilagenous CT
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synarthroses
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synovial joint subcategories
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uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial
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? connect bony components using fibrous and/or cartilagenous CT
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synarthroses
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? connect bony components using fibrous and/or cartilagenous CT
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synarthroses
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? synovial joints have motion that occurs in one plane and around a single axis of rotation
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uniaxial synovial joint
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cranial sutures, gomphoses (teeth) and symdesmosis (interosseous mbs) are examples of?
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Fibrous types of synarthroses
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cranial sutures, gomphoses (teeth) and symdesmosis (interosseous mbs) are examples of?
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Fibrous types of synarthroses
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cranial sutures, gomphoses (teeth) and symdesmosis (interosseous mbs) are examples of?
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Fibrous types of synarthroses
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2 types and examples of uniaxial joints
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hinge jt (fingers), pivot joint (median atlantoaxial joint aka dens)
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pubic symphysis, IVDs, 1st rib and areas of bone growth (synchondrosis) are examples of ?
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cartilagenous types of synarthroses
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pubic symphysis, IVDs, 1st rib and areas of bone growth (synchondrosis) are examples of ?
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cartilagenous types of synarthroses
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pubic symphysis, IVDs, 1st rib and areas of bone growth (synchondrosis) are examples of ?
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cartilagenous types of synarthroses
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explain what is a biaxial synovial joint
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one in which motion occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes of rotation (2 degrees of freedom)
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? connect bony surfaces indirectly by means of a joint capsule (aka: ?)
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diarthroses aka synovial joints
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? connect bony surfaces indirectly by means of a joint capsule (aka: ?)
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diarthroses aka synovial joints
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? connect bony surfaces indirectly by means of a joint capsule (aka: ?)
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diarthroses aka synovial joints
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types and examples of biaxial synovial joints
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condyloid (MCPs and occipital condyles); saddle (carpometacarpal jt of thumb)
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5 features of diarthroses
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1. joint capsule, 2. joint cavity, 3. inner lining of synovial tissue, 4. synovial fluid, 5. hyaline cartilage on jt surfaces
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5 features of diarthroses
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1. joint capsule, 2. joint cavity, 3. inner lining of synovial tissue, 4. synovial fluid, 5. hyaline cartilage on jt surfaces
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5 features of diarthroses
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1. joint capsule, 2. joint cavity, 3. inner lining of synovial tissue, 4. synovial fluid, 5. hyaline cartilage on jt surfaces
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synovial joint subcategories
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uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial
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synovial joint subcategories
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uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial
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? synovial joints have motion that occurs in one plane and around a single axis of rotation
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uniaxial synovial joint
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synovial joint subcategories
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uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial
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? synovial joints have motion that occurs in one plane and around a single axis of rotation
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uniaxial synovial joint
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2 types and examples of uniaxial joints
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hinge jt (fingers), pivot joint (median atlantoaxial joint aka dens)
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? synovial joints have motion that occurs in one plane and around a single axis of rotation
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uniaxial synovial joint
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2 types and examples of uniaxial joints
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hinge jt (fingers), pivot joint (median atlantoaxial joint aka dens)
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explain what is a biaxial synovial joint
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one in which motion occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes of rotation (2 degrees of freedom)
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2 types and examples of uniaxial joints
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hinge jt (fingers), pivot joint (median atlantoaxial joint aka dens)
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explain what is a biaxial synovial joint
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one in which motion occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes of rotation (2 degrees of freedom)
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types and examples of biaxial synovial joints
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condyloid (MCPs and occipital condyles); saddle (carpometacarpal jt of thumb)
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explain what is a biaxial synovial joint
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one in which motion occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes of rotation (2 degrees of freedom)
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types and examples of biaxial synovial joints
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condyloid (MCPs and occipital condyles); saddle (carpometacarpal jt of thumb)
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types and examples of biaxial synovial joints
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condyloid (MCPs and occipital condyles); saddle (carpometacarpal jt of thumb)
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? connect bony components using fibrous and/or cartilagenous CT
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synarthroses
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cranial sutures, gomphoses (teeth) and symdesmosis (interosseous mbs) are examples of?
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Fibrous types of synarthroses
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pubic symphysis, IVDs, 1st rib and areas of bone growth (synchondrosis) are examples of ?
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cartilagenous types of synarthroses
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? connect bony surfaces indirectly by means of a joint capsule (aka: ?)
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diarthroses aka synovial joints
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5 features of diarthroses
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1. joint capsule, 2. joint cavity, 3. inner lining of synovial tissue, 4. synovial fluid, 5. hyaline cartilage on jt surfaces
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synovial joint subcategories
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uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial
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? synovial joints have motion that occurs in one plane and around a single axis of rotation
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uniaxial synovial joint
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2 types and examples of uniaxial joints
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hinge jt (fingers), pivot joint (median atlantoaxial joint aka dens)
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explain what is a biaxial synovial joint
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one in which motion occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes of rotation (2 degrees of freedom)
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types and examples of biaxial synovial joints
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condyloid (MCPs and occipital condyles); saddle (carpometacarpal jt of thumb)
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describe the structure of a condyloid joint and give an example
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has 1 concave and 1 convex surface that slide over each other in 2 directions; ie. MCPs and occipital condyles
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describe the structure of a saddle joint and give an example
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each joint surface is both concave in one plane and convex in another, IE) carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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a ? type of synovial joint is one that has motion in 3 planes and around 3 axes of rotation (3 degrees of freedom)
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triaxial
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2 types of triaxial synovial joints
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plane and ball and socket joints
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describe a plane joint and give example
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permits gliding in several directions IE) carpal and tarsal bone joints
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describe a ball and socket joint and give example
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allows for F/E, Abd/Add, Rotation and combos of all IE) iliofemoral (hip) and glenohumeral
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? = is one in which one end of the chain is not fixed and one joint can move independently of others
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open kinematic chain
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? = one in which one end of the chain is fixed creating a closed system; mvmt of one jt automatically causes mvmt in other jts of the chain
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closed kinematic system
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flexion of the knee causing flexion of the hip and dorsiflexion of the ankle is an example of a ? chain
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closed chain
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flexion of the knee occuring with or without motion in the hip is an example of a ? chain
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open chain
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? = the amount of motion allowd by voluntary mvmt by sk mm contraction
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active ROM
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? = the amt of motion allowd by passively moving a jt past its active ROM (involuntary)
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passive ROM
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? = the "springiness" allowed by the soft tissue at the end of PROM
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End-Feel
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Normal ROM is also referred to as ? or ?
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anatomic ROM or physiologic ROM
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determining factors of Normal ROM
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joint shape, joint capsule/ligs, mm/tendon, surrounding structures
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? = the motion of one joint surface relative to the one adjacent
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arthrokinematics
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3 main motions
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roll, slide and spin
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describe slide motion
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one surface glides over another; purely translationary
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describe roll motion
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like a tire on a road
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describe spin motion
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rotation of one surface over another; purely rotatory
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full abduction of the GH jt to 180 degrees req's what type(s) of motion?
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spin, slide and roll
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? = jt surfaces are maximally congruent (in contact) & ligs and capsules are maximally taut
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close-packed position
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? = the position of greatest stability and resistance to tensile (distractive) forces; minimal, if any, joint play
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close-packed position
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examples of close-packed position
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extension of elbow, knee, PIPs and DIPs
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? = joint surfaces are free to move relative to each other; maximum amt of joint play
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loose-packed position
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any position other than close-packed is called
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loose-packed position
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