Spinal Biomechanics Exam 1

Front 1

? affects normal joint and muscular function

Back 1

manual therapy

Front 2

Spinal Manual Therapy is based on?

Back 2

spinal biomechanics

Front 3

? requires an understanding of what needs to be restored

Back 3

rehabilitation

Front 4

the application of mechanical laws to living struxs, specifically the locomotor system of the human body

Back 4

biomechanics

Front 5

the branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the motion of objects, including displacement, velocity & acceleration w/out taking into account the forces that produce the motion

Back 5

Kinematics

Front 6

the study of the relationship b/w the force system acting on a body and the changes it produces in body motion

Back 6

Kinetics

Front 7

a vertical plane that divides the body into R and L

Back 7

sagittal (a to p)

Front 8

what motions occur in the sagittal plane?

Back 8

flexion and extension

Front 9

vertical plane that divides the body into front and back

Back 9

coronal (frontal)

Front 10

what motions occur in the coronal plane?

Back 10

lateral flexion/side to side motion

Front 11

the horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Back 11

transverse

Front 12

what motion occurs in the transverse plane?

Back 12

rotation

Front 13

? axis runs from side to side

Back 13

X-axis

Front 14

which axis does flex and ext occur around

Back 14

x axis

Front 15

rotation occurs around which axis?

Back 15

y axis

Front 16

rotation occurs around which axis and in what plane?

Back 16

y axis in the transverse plane

Front 17

flexion and extension occur around which axis and in what plane

Back 17

x axis and sagittal plane

Front 18

lateral bending occurs around which axis and in what plane

Back 18

z axis in the coronal plane

Front 19

the ? coordinate system is used to establish what mvmt is + or -

Back 19

right-handed Cartesian coordinate system

Front 20

? considers the physics of movement of a body in space

Back 20

biomechanics

Front 21

biomechanics considers the physics of what in space

Back 21

the entire body, segments and collected masses

Front 22

examples of collected masses

Back 22

leg with ski, arm with a tennis racquet

Front 23

true or false; mass equals weight?

Back 23

False - "not necessarily"

Front 24

weight = ? on earth

Back 24

mass

Front 25

weight = ? on the moon

Back 25

1/6 of mass

Front 26

weight = ? in space

Back 26

0

Front 27

weight = (formula)

Back 27

mass x force of gravity

Front 28

a theoretical construct that is defined as a point about which the body's mass is equally distr.

Back 28

Center of Mass (COM)

Front 29

CoM = ?

Back 29

Center of Gravity (CoG)

Front 30

location of the center of mass =

Back 30

variable; depends on body position. lowering CoM above the BoS increases stability

Front 31

doing what to the CoM increases stability

Back 31

lowering it above the base of support

Front 32

CoM in the human body is where?

Back 32

ant to the sacral base on average. in larger upper body the CoM rises

Front 33

area which supports the mass above

Back 33

Base of Support (BoS)

Front 34

aka linear displacement

Back 34

translation motion

Front 35

? motion is when each point on a segment moves in a straight line thru the same distance at the same time thru parallel paths

Back 35

translational motion aka linear motion
ie. push/pull a glass of water

Front 36

aka angular displacement

Back 36

rotational motion

Front 37

motion in which each pt on a segment moves in a curved path around a fixed axis thru the same angle, at the same time, at a constant distance from the axis

Back 37

roational motion
ie. lift water glass at elbow

Front 38

type of motion in which all pts on the object move in the same direction

Back 38

translational motion

Front 39

type of motion in which all pts move around a central fixed center of rotation

Back 39

rotational motion

Front 40

? is a combination of translational and rotational motion

Back 40

general motion

Front 41

? motion involves an instantaneous center of rotation (ICoR) or instantaneous axis of rot (IAoR)

Back 41

general motion

Front 42

in the body, most jt rotations occur across 3 planes (are 3 dimensional) and involve ? or ? type motion

Back 42

helical or screw axis type motion. this is part of general motion

Front 43

Newton's first law of motion

Back 43

the law of inertia

Front 44

an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force

Back 44

1st law - the law of inertia

Front 45

? = an object remains motionless when acted on by forces

Back 45

static equilibrium (part of Newton's 1st law, the law of inertia)

Front 46

? = an object remains in constant motion when acted on by forces

Back 46

dynamic equillibrium (rare in the human body); part of newton's 1st law of inertia

Front 47

Newton's second law of motion

Back 47

the law of acceleration

Front 48

the acceleration of an object is proportional to the net forces acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass

Back 48

the law of acceleration (2nd law)

Front 49

? law explains that the greater the mass of an object the more force it takes to move it

Back 49

the law of acceleration

Front 50

Newton's 3rd law of motion

Back 50

the law of reaction

Front 51

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Back 51

the law of reaction (#3)

Front 52

2+ forces act on the same object, in the same plane and in the same line. lines of force run parallel to each other.

Back 52

linear force system

*not common in human body

Front 53

forces that are considered positive forces

Back 53

superior on y, to the right on x and anterior on z axis

Front 54

the lines of force are at angles to each other and converge at some point either internal or external to the object

Back 54

concurrent force system

Front 55

any 2 forces in a concurrent system can be composed into a single ?

Back 55

resultant force (vector)

* most common in the human body

Front 56

the most common force system in the human body

Back 56

concurrent force system
resultant force (vectors)

Front 57

In manual therapies, ? and ? are addressed in preparation to assess or manipulate a joint

Back 57

tissue slack and line of drive

Front 58

tissue slack and line of drive are generally verbalized in ? but are actuated using the ?

Back 58

- individual vectors (lines of force)
- combined resultant vector

Front 59

tissue slack and LOD are verbalized as I to S, P to A, M to L but the actual procedure is performed using the ?

Back 59

resultant vector
aka: I to S, M to L and P to A

Front 60

a net force that moves an object (bony segment) away from an adj object

Back 60

distraction forces

Front 61

forces that create opposite pulls on an object; opposite forces are necessary to create tension (ligs and jt capsules)

Back 61

tensile forces

Front 62

sprain involves

Back 62

mm and tendons

Front 63

strain involves

Back 63

ligaments

Front 64

? end around a pully provides maximum tension

Back 64

muscle end

Front 65

? end around a pully provides minimum tension

Back 65

bony attachment

Front 66

? forces are the result of gravity on an object

Back 66

gravitational forces

Front 67

? forces are reaction forces resulting from the push of one object against another

Back 67

contact forces

Front 68

contact forces aka = ? when it involves 2 contiguous jt surfaces

Back 68

joint reaction forces

Front 69

2 forces that cause jt reaction forces

Back 69

compression forces

Front 70

Force = (formula)

Back 70

mass x acceleration

Front 71

close packed position aka

Back 71

close packing a joint

Front 72

the rotation of one segment of a jt relative to the adj seg (twisting), drawing the adj art surfaces into contact (compression)

Back 72

close packed position

Front 73

close packed position is caused by ?

Back 73

creating tension in the capsuloligamentous structures

Front 74

any forces that are parallel to contacting surfaces, attempting to move one object on another

Back 74

shear forces

Front 75

potentially exisit whenever there is contact force and is opposite the direction of shear forces

Back 75

friction forces

Front 76

must have a ? force to produce a friction force

Back 76

shear force

Front 77

the strenght of rotation produced in an object when an isolated force does not pass thru the CoM. A combo of rotary & translatory motion

Back 77

Torque/Moment force

Front 78

2 or more forces applied to the same object that are parallel to each other

Back 78

parallel force systems

Front 79

occurs when torque forces produce a rotation of a segment around its long axis.

Back 79

torsional moment

Front 80

most mm produce ? around 2 or more axes bc they attach at the periphery of bones

Back 80

torques/moments

Front 81

? forces create a "twisting" motion bw 2 objects, ie. jts

Back 81

torsional forces

Front 82

the resultant vector of the concurrent force system produced by ff of a m contracting

Back 82

total muscle force vector

Front 83

the vector in total muscle force vector is from the point of application/muscle attachment and parallel to

Back 83

the mm ff and tendon

Front 84

the direction of pull in total muscle force vector is always toward ?

Back 84

the center of the muscle

Front 85

? forces create a "twisting" motion bw 2 objects, ie. jts

Back 85

torsional forces

Front 86

every muscle pulls on ? everytime it exerts a force

Back 86

each of its attachments

Front 87

the resultant vector of the concurrent force system produced by ff of a m contracting

Back 87

total muscle force vector

Front 88

the vector in total muscle force vector is from the point of application/muscle attachment and parallel to

Back 88

the mm ff and tendon

Front 89

the direction of pull in total muscle force vector is always toward ?

Back 89

the center of the muscle

Front 90

every muscle pulls on ? everytime it exerts a force

Back 90

each of its attachments

Front 91

? = bones or bony prominences that alter the direction of pull of a muscle

Back 91

anatomic pulleys

Front 92

? deflect the action line of a muscle away from the joint axis

Back 92

anatomic pulleys

Front 93

Anatomic pulleys deflect the action line of a muscle away from the joint axis thus increasing the

Back 93

moment arm (MA) and torque produced by a muscle force

Front 94

MA of a force & torque are greatest when at ? and minimal at ?

Back 94

90 degrees to the segment and minimal at 0 degrees

Front 95

in a ? lever, the axis lies bw the effort force and the resistance force

Back 95

1st class lever

Front 96

example of a 1st class lever in the human body (rare)

Back 96

supraspinatus m acts on humerus prox to the axis of rot and the CoM is just above the elbow. this is a 1st class system when supraspinatus is in EF or RF

Front 97

? lever occurs when gravity is the EF and the m is the RF, producing active lengthening of the mm

Back 97

second class lever

Front 98

active lengthening of a M

Back 98

eccentric contraction

Front 99

lowering the leg slowly against gravity is an example of ? type of lever

Back 99

second class lever

Front 100

? lever is one in which the effort force lies b/w the axis and the resistance force

Back 100

3rd class lever

Front 101

a m creating joint rotation in its direction of pull (ie) the quads (EF) ext'g the knee against gravity (RF) = ? type of lever

Back 101

3rd class lever

Front 102

third class lever involves what type of contraction

Back 102

concentric contraction

Front 103

for 2nd or 3rd class lever systems in the human body, the classification is dependant on

Back 103

whether the m is the EF (3rd class) or the RF (2nd class)

Front 104

when the muscle is EF =

Back 104

concentric contraction

Front 105

when the muscle is RF =

Back 105

eccentric contraction

Front 106

when EF=RF there is no net torque = ? contraction

Back 106

isometric contraction