Spinal Anatomy, Exam 1, Quiz 2

Front 1

What is the effect of an excess amount of Pituitary Growth Hormone (GH)?

Back 1

• children - leads to gigantism (the rate of growth increases and the time period increases)

• adults - acromegaly (increase in size of wrist, ankle, mandible, and nose)

Front 2

What is the effect of a deficit in Pituitary Growth Hormone (GH)?

Back 2

• children - leads to dwarfism

Front 3

What are the 6 types of trauma and injury to bone (fracture)?

Back 3

1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Comminuted
4. Compression
5. Avulsion
6. Greenstick

Front 4

Simple Fracture

Back 4

Bone broken but not displaced

Front 5

Compound Fracture

Back 5

Bone breaks through the skin

Front 6

Comminuted Fracture

Back 6

A complete break, but the bone is fragmented (many small pieces)

Front 7

Compression Fracture

Back 7

Bone collapses under compressive forces or telescopes into itself (common in the vertebrae)

Front 8

Avulsion Fracture

Back 8

Tendon or ligament pulls bone away at the site of attachment

Front 9

Greenstick

Back 9

• Incomplete fracture (not all the way through) and bending of the bone.

• the break and the bend are on opposite sides

• Common in children

Front 10

What are the 5 steps of the healing of a fracture?

Back 10

1. Fracture hematoma (blood clot) forms from the ruptured/severed blood vessels

2. A soft callus forms(mixture of spongy bone and fibrocartilage)

3. A hard callus forms by mineralization of soft callus (ossification)

4. Remodeling of hard callus to mature bone (i.e. compact and spongy)

Front 11

Spongy bone is made by:

Back 11

Osteoblast

Front 12

Fibrocartilage is made by:

Back 12

Fibroblasts brought in by blood vessels

Front 13

After remodeling a bulge is present. What does this tell the body?

Back 13

That it is a weak area.

Front 14

Osteitis

Back 14

Inflammation of bone tissue caused by injury or infection

Front 15

What are the two types of Osteitis?

Back 15

Periostitis and Osteomyelitis

Front 16

What is the difference between Periostitis and Osteomyelitis?

Back 16

Periostitis: inflammation of periosteum caused by trauma or infection (exterior, scoring or pitting)

Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone interior caused by bacteria, usually initially entering the bone via wound or via bloodstream (interior, destruction of spongy bone from the inside out)

Front 17

Tuberculosis

Back 17

Can spread to the spongy bone (particulary of the vertebral bodies), resulting in bone and joint destruction

Front 18

What are neoplasms?

Back 18

Tumors, out of control growth

Front 19

What are the four types of bone neoplasms and are they benign or malignant?

Back 19

Benign: Osteochondroma and Osteoma

Malignant: Osterogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), multiple myeloma

Front 20

What is the difference between benign and malignant?

Back 20

Benign - not lethal

Malignant - lethal

Front 21

What effect can aging have on bone?

Back 21

Osteoporosis

Front 22

What is osteoporosis?

Back 22

The reduction in bone mass due to deossification, most prevalent in middle aged and elderly women (post menopausal)

Front 23

When someone has osteoporosis what specifically happens to the bone?

Back 23

• Thinning of the trebecule (spongy bone)

• The osteoclasts break down boney connective tissue faster than the osteoblasts can build them

Front 24

Why is osteoporosis prevalent in middle-aged and elderly women?

Back 24

• women have less bone mass than men

• women lose bone mass sooner (age 35) and faster than med do

• by menopause women lose 25 - 35% bone, it doesn't happen to men until 60 or later

Front 25

Which of the following 3 contribute to osteoporosis?

1) Pregnancy

2) Men with prostate cancer

3) Cola consumption

Back 25

1) Pregnancy - NO!

2) Men with prostate canceer - YES!

3) Cola consumption -
• women - YES!
• men - NO!

Front 26

What is arthrology?

Back 26

The study of how bones are connected to each other

Front 27

What are the 3 components of bone?

Back 27

1. Bone

2. Cartilage: hyaline and/or fibrocartilage

3. Dense (aka fibrous) connective tissue

Front 28

What are the two classifications of bone?

Back 28

Degree of movement and structure

Front 29

What are the 3 degrees of movement?

Back 29

1. Synarthrosis - no movement

2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable

3. Diarthrosis - free movement

Front 30

What is a general rule for band length and movement?

Back 30

The longer the band the easier it moves

Front 31

What are the 3 types of bone structure?

Back 31

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

Front 32

Fibrous Structure

Back 32

Bones fastened together by thin (parallel collagen fibers) layers of fibrous (i.e. dense straps or bands) connective tissue

Front 33

What are the 3 types of fibrous structures?

Back 33

1. Syndesmosis

2. Suture

3. Gomphosis

Front 34

Syndesmosis

Back 34

• joint consists of long fibrous band which forms interosseous ligament

• amphiarthrosis

• connects tibia and fibula

Front 35

Suture

Back 35

• only between some bones of the skull; short fibrous band forms sutural ligament

• synarthrosis

Front 36

Gomphosis

Back 36

• articulation between tooth root and bony socket; short fibrous band forms periodontal ligament

•synarthrosis

• cementum also helps hold tooth in place

Front 37

Cartilaginous Structure

Back 37

Connection consists of firbrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage

Front 38

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous structures?

Back 38

Synchondrosis and symphysis

Front 39

Synchondrosis

Back 39

• Bones united by a band of hyaline cartilage

• synarthrosis

• e.g. epiphyseal plate (temporary sychondrosis)

• e.g. joint b/t first rib and sternum

Front 40

Symphysis

Back 40

• articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage (little bit), which in turn is attached to a pad of fibrocartilage (main component)

• amphiarthrosis

• e.g. pubic symphysis

• e.g. b/t 2 vertebral bodies

Front 41

Synovial Structure

Back 41

• Space between articulating bones filled with synovial fluid

• diarthrosis (freely movable)

Front 42

What is the general structure of a synovial structure?

Back 42

• articular ends of bone covered with thin layer of hyaline cartilage (e.g. the articular cartilage)

• Joint encased in joint capsule

Front 43

What is the joint capsule of the synovial structure composed of?

Back 43

• Fibrous joint capsule (capsular ligament) - thick, fibrous outer layer contiguous with periosteum of bones

• Synovial Membrane - thin inner layer covering all non-cartilaginous surfaces

Front 44

1) What is the synovial fluid?

2) What is its function?

Back 44

1) Secreted by synovial membrane, filling synovial cavity

2) Lubricant, pillow/cushion, nurishment for articular cartilage

Front 45

What are the associated structures of the synovial structure?

Back 45

1) Meniscus - firbrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces (shock absorber, makes tibia and fibula fit together to stabilize the joint)

2) Bursa - closed fluid-filled sac (pillow between bone surface and something moving over it

3) Other ligaments, in addition to the fibrous joint capsule