Sphr A & P Vocab Modules 1-3

Front 1

costal

Back 1

refers to ribs

Front 2

chondral

Back 2

refers to cartilage

Front 3

facet

Back 3

refers to small, smooth plane

Front 4

process

Back 4

refers to a projection off the bone

Front 5

ventilation

Back 5

moving air in and out of air passageways

Front 6

distribution

Back 6

getting air to various parts of the air

Front 7

diffusion

Back 7

gas exchange in airsacs of the lung

Front 8

perfusion

Back 8

the availability of red blood cells to carry oxygen from the lungs out to the body

Front 9

circulation

Back 9

the heart’s ability to pump oxygenated blood to the various parts of the body

Front 10

5 vertebral classifications

Back 10

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Front 11

# of vertebrae:
cervical
thoracic
lumbar

Back 11

7, 12, 5

Front 12

Special vertebrae:
C1 and C2

T1-12

S1-5
Co1-4

Back 12

Atlas and Axis

Attaches to ribs

Fused into Sacrum
Fused into Coccyx

Front 13

Articular

Back 13

Where "articulates" meet

Front 14

Connective tissue lining facets

Back 14

hyaline cartilage

Front 15

# of ribs: True, False, Floating

Back 15

7, 3, 2

Front 16

Two "girdles"

Back 16

pectoral and pelvic

Front 17

parts of sternum

Back 17

manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process

Front 18

components of pectoral girdle

Back 18

clavicle and scapula

Front 19

components of pelvic girdle

Back 19

ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 20

# of lobes: right lung, left lung

Back 20

3: superior, middle, inferior
2: superior, inferior

Front 21

Pluera(e)
2 layers

Back 21

fluid producing membrane lining the lungs. Creating negative pressure between them and forming an airtight but fluid (mobile) seal. Fibrous and elastic.
visceral (lungs) and parietal (thorax)

Front 22

Angles of bronchi

Back 22

the right bronchi is less of an angle (more efficient flow) than the left bronchi

Front 23

Carina

Back 23

last tracheal cartilage, point of bifurcation into two main bronchi

Front 24

shape of tracheal cartilage

Back 24

C-shape

Front 25

four main systems involved in speech production:

Back 25

respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory

Front 26

definition of anatomy:

Back 26

study of structure

Front 27

definition of physiology

Back 27

study of function

Front 28

Anatomical planes:
Frontal/coronal

Back 28

"cut" in two so that there is a front segment and a back segment

Front 29

Anatomical planes:
Sagittal

Back 29

"cut" in half so that there is a left segment and a right segment

Front 30

Anatomical Planes:
Transverse/horizontal

Back 30

"cut" in two so there is a top segment and a bottom segment

Front 31

Anterior View(/Orientation)

Back 31

from the front

Front 32

Anterior in position

Back 32

toward the front, in front of

Front 33

Posterior View(/Orientation)

Back 33

from the back

Front 34

Posterior in position

Back 34

toward the back, behind

Front 35

Superior view/orientation

Back 35

viewing from the top/above, looking downwards

Front 36

Superior in position

Back 36

toward the head, above

Front 37

Inferior view/orientation

Back 37

viewing from bottom/below, looking upwards

Front 38

Inferior in position

Back 38

toward the feet, below

Front 39

Lateral view/orientation

Back 39

viewing from sides, toward midline

Front 40

Lateral in position

Back 40

away from midline, to the left or right

Front 41

Medial view/orientation

Back 41

from the midline, looking toward sides

Front 42

Medial in position

Back 42

toward midline

Front 43

Superficial in position

Back 43

toward the surface, shallow

Front 44

Deep in position

Back 44

toward the axis of the body, deep

Front 45

Organization of the body: Axial and Appendicular

Back 45

Axial: cranial, thoracic, abdominal
Appendicular: lower and upper limbs

Front 46

Building blocks of the body:

Back 46

cells -> tissues -> organs -> systems

Front 47

4 types of tissue:

Back 47

Epithelial, Connective (cartilage and bone), Muscular, Nervous

Front 48

Epithelial tissue

Back 48

Flexible layer of cells with minimal extra-cellular matrix.
Location: surface of body and lining of internal organs
Examples: skin; lining of mouth and larynx; lining of esophagus
and stomach
Function: to serve as barrier

Front 49

Cartilage tissue

Back 49

Hyaline cartilage is firm but slightly bendable;
white-bluish in color; found in the larynx, thorax,
and between bones.
Fibrous cartilage contains both white/firm fibers
and yellow/flexible fibers; found in the
intervertebral discs and the joint of the jaw.
Elastic (“yellow”) cartilage is the most flexible
because it contains elastic fibers; bendable, but
rebounds back in place after being moved; found
in the pinna (outer ear) and epiglottis.

Front 50

Bone tissue

Back 50

(strong & rigid), with dense extra-cellular matrix
made up of inorganic salts to provide structure.

Front 51

Muscular tissue

Back 51

Description: collection of specialized cells that contract
Location: throughout the body
Function: ability to contract

Front 52

Nervous tissue

Back 52

Description: collection of specialized cells for electrochemical
communication that can receive information and/or send
information by nerve impulses.
Location: Central and peripheral nervous systems

Front 53

Characteristics of voluntary muscles:

Back 53

Arranged in “striped” bundles
Under voluntary control
Can only actively contract (passively relax)

Front 54

Motor Unit

Back 54

Basic unit of skeletal muscle control

Front 55

3 parts of a motor unit:

Back 55

Nerve, neuromuscular joint, muscle fiber

Front 56

Source-Filter Model

Back 56

Source: Respiration/Phonation
Filter: Resonation/Articulation

Front 57

Connective Tissue of Thorax:

Back 57

Vertebral Column, Ribs, Costal Cartilage, Sternum, Pelvic Girdle, Pectoral Girdle

Front 58

Vertebral Column

Back 58

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (Sacrum)
Coccygeal (Coccyx)

Front 59

Ribs

Back 59

7 True (directly attached to sternum via cartilage)
3 False (indirectly attached to sternum via cartilage)
2 Floating (not attached to sternum)

Front 60

Sternum

Back 60

Manubrium
Corpus
Xiphoid process

Front 61

Components of Pelvic Girdle

Back 61

ilium
ischium
pubis

Front 62

Components of Pectoral Girdle

Back 62

Clavicle
Scapula

Front 63

Characteristics of lungs

Back 63

Left: 2 Lobes (superior, inferior), Steeper angle
Right: 3 Lobes (superior, middle, inferior), shallower angle

Front 64

Structure and function of pleural lining

Back 64

Structure: fluid producing membrane lining the lungs. visceral (lungs) and parietal (thorax).

Function: Surface tension holds two linings together, forming an airtight, but freely sliding seal. This seal means that when the thoracic cavity expands, the lungs are stretched.

Front 65

5 divisions of air passageways

Back 65

Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal Bronchi
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

Front 66

Muscles of Inhalation

Back 66

Diaphragm

Accessory Muscles:
2 Rib Cage
3 Neck/Shoulder
2 Back

Front 67

Muscles of Exhalation

Back 67

2 Thoracic
4 Abdominal

Front 68

2 Rib Cage Muscles of Inhalation

Back 68

External intercostal
Internal interchondral intercostals

Front 69

3 Neck/Shoulder Muscles of Inhalation

Back 69

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis Major and Minor

Front 70

2 Back Muscles of Inhalation

Back 70

Levator Costarum
Serratus Posterior Superior

Front 71

2 Thoracic Muscles of Exhalation

Back 71

Internal intercostals
Transverse thoracis

Front 72

4 Abdominal Muscles of Exhalation

Back 72

Rectus abdominis
Transverse abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
External abdominal oblique

Front 73

Boyle's Law

Back 73

Pressure and Volume are inversely related:
Increased volume means decreased pressure, and vice versa.

Front 74

Lung Pressure

Back 74

Pressure (cm H2O) is the force of air exerted over the area of the "container"
Positive force = build up of air
Negative force = lack of air

Front 75

Developmental changes in respiratory system

Back 75

Size (Thoracic cavity outgrows lungs, Airpassages grow in diameter and length)
Residual Volume (Infants have none, adults do)
Respiratory rate (significantly higher for infants, slowed at five, and then developed in adults)

Front 76

Tidal Volume

Back 76

Amount of air exchanged in one cycle of quiet breathing.

Front 77

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Back 77

Amount of air inhaled beyond tidal inhalation.

Front 78

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 78

Amount of air inhaled beyond tidal exhalation.

Front 79

Residual Volume

Back 79

Amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

Front 80

Vital Capacity

Back 80

Amount of air that can be inhaled after maximal inhalation.

(ERV + TV + IRV)

Front 81

Inspiratory Capacity

Back 81

Amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal exhalation.

(TV + IRV)

Front 82

Functional Residual Capacity

Back 82

Amount of air remaining after tidal exhalation.

(ERV + RV)

Front 83

Total Lung Capacity

Back 83

Total amount of air in lungs available for gas exchange.

Front 84

Differences between breathing for speech/life

Back 84

1.voluntary/involuntary
2. Muscles may be involved in speech, versus tidal breathing
3. % of cycle used for inhalation/exhalation

Speech: 10/90
Life: 60/40

Front 85

3 Major functions of Respiratory System

Back 85

Breathing for life, protect airway/debris removal, speech

Front 86

Five stages of respiration for breathing for life.

Back 86

Ventilation, Distribution, Diffusion, Perfusion, Circulation.

Front 87

5 Basic Landmarks of Single Thoracic Vertebra

Back 87

Superior articular facet
Inferior articular facet
Superior costal facet
Inferior costal facet
Transverse costal facet

Front 88

Lung tissue is specialized for:

Back 88

gas exchange

Front 89

Lung surfaces

Back 89

apex, base, costal surface, mediastinal surface

Front 90

Movement in Inhalation

Back 90

Ribs move up and out
Sternum moves up and forward
Diaphragm pulls down on plurae, pushes on abdominal viscera

Front 91

Movement in Exhalation

Back 91

Natural recoil (bones return to resting position and diaphragm relaxes)

Front 92

Volume:

Back 92

Objective measure of amount of air in lungs.

Front 93

Capacity

Back 93

Functional combinations of volumes that reflect physiological needs.

Front 94

Checking action

Back 94

forces muscles of inhalation to slowly release in speech breathing.

Front 95

Subglottal pressure

Back 95

required to vibrate vocal cords and produce speech. <3 cm H2O

We can alter volume and intonation by varying pressure.

Front 96

Functions of passageways

Back 96

1. Allow airflow
2. Filter incoming air
3. Expel contaminants

Front 97

Cilia

Back 97

Trachea and bronchi lined with cell tissue containing cilia to filter air

Front 98

Diaphragm
Sternal head origin

Back 98

Xiphoid process

Front 99

Diaphragm
Costal head origin

Back 99

ribs 7-12

Front 100

Diaphragm
Vertebral head origin

Back 100

lumbar vertebrae

Front 101

Diaphragm insertion

Back 101

Central tendon of diaphragm

Front 102

Diaphragm innervation

Back 102

Phrenic nerve (C3-5)

Front 103

Diaphragm Action

Back 103

Pulls thorax down (expands lungs in vertical direction.)

Front 104

External intercostal origin

Back 104

Inferior surface of upper rib

Front 105

External intercostal insertion

Back 105

superior surface of lower rib

Front 106

External intercostal action

Back 106

Raise rib laterally

Front 107

Internal intercostal (interchondral) origin

Back 107

Inferior surface of rib (cartilage)

Front 108

Internal intercostal (Interchondral) origin

Back 108

Superior surface of rib (cartilage)

Front 109

Internal intercostal (interchondral) action

Back 109

Elevate ribs in front

Front 110

Sternocleidomastoid origin

Back 110

Mastoid process of temporal plate

Front 111

Sternocleidomastoid insertion

Back 111

Sternum, clavicle

Front 112

Sternocleidomastoid action

Back 112

elevate ribs, (sternum?)

Front 113

Scalenes action

Back 113

Elevate ribs 1-2

Front 114

Pectoralis action

Back 114

Elevate and expand rib cage

Front 115

Levator costarum action

Back 115

Elevate ribs

Front 116

Serratus Posterior superior action

Back 116

Elevate ribs 2-5

Front 117

Internal intercostal action

Back 117

Depress ribs (down and in)

Front 118

Transverse thoracis action

Back 118

lower rib cage

Front 119

Rectus abdominis action

Back 119

lower rib cage

Front 120

Transversus abdominis action

Back 120

compress abdomen

Front 121

Abdominal obliques action

Back 121

compress abdomen