Spermatozoa

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Spermatozoa

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sperm

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gestation

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9 month pregnancy period

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Fertilization takes place in..

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the uterine/fallopian tubes

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parturition

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child birth

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Lactation

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1 to 5 years after childbirth

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latent Development

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activates by hormonal control

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Gonades

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primary sex organs testes/ovaries

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Secondary sex organs males

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epididymies
ductus deferentia
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

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accessory glands males

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seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bubourethral glands

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copulatory organ

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penis

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secondary sex organs females

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essential...
vagina
uterine tubes
uterus
mammary glands

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baby passes through here during delivery

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vagina

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fallopian tubes

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allows for the egg to be transported through after ovulation on its way to the uterus. It is also the site of fertilization

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Uterus

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womb. site of implantation and gestation. Muscular walls active in parturition

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General secondary sex characteristics

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none essential for reproduction. attractant features

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seminiferous tubule

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testes:produce spermaozoa

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interstitial cells

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testes:produce and secrete male sex hormones

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Epididymides

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area for storage and maturation of sperm. send them to ductus deferentia

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Ejaculatory ducts

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receive sperm and additives from seminal vesicles and prostate gland to produce seminal fluid

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seminal vesicles

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secrete alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins

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prostate gland

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secvretes alkaline fluid that helps neutralize acidic seminal fluid and enhances the motility of sperm

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bulbourehral glands

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secrete fluid that lubricates urethra and the end of the penis

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allows testes to maintain lower temp for efficent production of sperm

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scrotum

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conveys urine and seminal fluid and is the organ of copulation

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penis

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produce ova and female sex hormones

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ovaries

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uterus

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protects and sustains life of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy

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vagina

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conveys uterine secretionsn to outside of body

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menstruation

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end of a process preparing the uterus for implantation

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labia majora

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encloses and protects and other external reproductive organs

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labia minora

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forms the margins of the vestibule and protects the openings of the vagina and urethra

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rich supply of blood and sensory nerve endings

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clitoris

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vestibule

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the cleft between the labia minor that includes the vaginal and urethral openings

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vestibular glands

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secrete fluid that moistens and lubricates the vestibule and vaginal opening during intercourse

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Body of sperm

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contains numerous mitochondria spiraled around a filamentous core, energy for locomotion

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acrosome

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tip of head, contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate ovum

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Seminiferous tubules

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functional units of testis, where spermatogenesis, thousands per second

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oogenesis

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meiotic process by which ova are formed

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morphogenesis

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formation of human body before birth

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pre-embryonic stage

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2 weeks
fertilization
transportation of egg through tube
mitotic division
implantation

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fertilization

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occurs within the uterine tube usually 12-24 hours following ovulation

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zygote

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fertilized egg

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Blastomeres

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2 identical daughter cels

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Morulla

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16 or moe cells

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Blastocyst

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morula has established 2 groups of cells

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ectoderm

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forms epidermis and nervous tissue and sense organs; as well as lens of eye and enamel of the teeth, pituitary gland, and the adrenal medulla

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mesoderm

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forms
muscle
connective tissue
dermis
dentine of teeth
reproductive organs
kidnes and ureters
adrenal cortex

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endoderm

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epithelium of pharynx
auditory canal
tonsils
thyroid
lungs, digestive tract, liver, pancreas

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Turners syndrome

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only one x chromosome; individual appears to be female but the gonads are rudimentary or are absent and do not mature at puberty

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Klinefelter's synrom

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XXY chromosome; develops breasts and male genitalia, steril

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Cryptorchidism

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hidden testes, 3% of males
(gubernaculum muscle) controls

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impotence

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inability to maintain erection to ejaculation

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infertility

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inability to fertilize an ovum

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Gonorrhea

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"clap" painful urination and discharge pus, females carriers, newborns may be blind

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Syphilis

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goes and comes if untrated, may cause blindness and insanity if untreated

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orchitis

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infection of hte testes i.e. mumps

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gynecology

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medical speciality concerned with the female reproductive system

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obstertrics

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peciatlity dealing with pregancy and childbirth

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ecopic pregnancy

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results from implantation of blastocyst in location other than in the body of the uterus (fundus). most frequest in the uterine tube (tubular pregnancy)

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amenorrhea

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absence of menstration. may or may ot indicate a problem. i.e. no menstation if a woman i pregannt

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normal amenorrhea

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follows menapause, during preg., and lactation

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primary amenorrhea

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woman has never menstrated- accompanied by failure of development of 2ndary sexual characteristcs

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second. amenorrhea

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cesstion of menstration who have had normal periods and are not preg and have not gone thru menapuase. caused by endocrine disturbances, physiological factors, etc. may be brought about by stress, sickness, faigure, poor nutrition

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uerine neoplasms

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commen prob of he fem reprod tract. most are benign and may show up as cysts, polyps, smooth muscle tumors

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uerine cancer

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most common malignacy f fem reprod tract. cervix is most comon site. cervical cancer is the 2nd only to breast cancer in freq. of young women. most common with women who have had fre. inercourse with mutiply partners during their teens and onward. can be detected by paps smears and can then be cured.

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hysterectomy

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surgical removal of the uterus and may be used to treat cervical cancer

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oophorectomy

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the removal of one or both of the ovaries due to malignat neoplasm being present

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dysplasia

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fibrocytic disease of the breast. nonmalignent and affects about 50% of women 30-45

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carcinoma of the breast

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most comon maligancy in women. 1 in 13 women will develop breast cancer of these, 1/ will die. leading cause of death in women 40-50. ment also get breast cancer, but at a 1% rate for women. causes not known. highest incidence is in women over 35 who have family history and who are nulliparous (have no children)

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mammography

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x ray of mammory glands to confirm breast cancer

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masectomy

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removal of the breast and perhanps associated tissues

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simple masectomy

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removal of the entire breast but not the underlying lymph nodes

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modified mastectomy

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complete removal of the breast, lympahtic drainage, and perhaps the pectoralis majoy muscle

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radical mastectomy

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modified radical mastectomy, ecept the pectoralis muscle

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trimesters

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what is used to divide the gestation period into three terms

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first trimester

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all major body systems are formed, the fetal heart can be detected, external genitalia are developed, and fetus is about width of plam of adult hand

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second trimester

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epidermal features are formed and vital body systems are functioning- fetus would likely not survive if born- length of adult hand

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third trimester

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tremendous growth and refinement, the fetus will survive if born prematurely

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ectopic pregnancy

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when blastocyst implants outside the uterus or at n abnormal site in the uterus- uterine tubes

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mutiple preg

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1 in 85 pregnancy
2 zygots from 2 sperm fetilizing 2 ova...dizygotic(fraternal)

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monozygotic pregnancy

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identical twins from one zygote 1/3 of twins

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siames twins

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incomplete separation during the cleavage process, conjoined twins

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Amneocentesis

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obtains amniotic fluid to determin maturity of fetus and look for isorders like Gauchers and Downs

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regeneration

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lost after 16 cell stage

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endocrine glands

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secretions placed directly into the blood

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nervous system

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impulses
rapid and brief effects

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endocrine system

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transports to tissues via blod, slow changes and prolonged effects

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hypophysis

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pituitary gland

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adenohypophysis

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anterior lobe and glandular portion of pituitary gland

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neurohypophysis

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posterior lob and nervous portion

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somatotropin

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growth hormone; regulates mitotic activity, promotes movements of AA throgh plasma membranes