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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Who is James Gordon Bennett?
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In the 1830s, organized the first newsroom and reporting staff. First methodical news coverage. First to assign to sports.
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Edward R. Murrow?
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Pioneer broadcast journalist
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Hutchins Commission
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a learned group led by Robert Hutchins that studied the U.S. mass media in the 1940s, advocated social responsibility as goal and result of media activities.
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Gatekeepers
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media people who influence messages en route
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Ida Tarbell
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muckraker remembered for her series on monopolistic corruption at Standard Oil
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Tornillo Opinion
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The U.S. Supreme Court upheld First Amendment protection for the print media even if they are imbalanced and unfair
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527 Financing
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they are political campaign groups officially unaffiliated to individual parties or candidates, and therefore not liable for campaign spending restrictions.
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Straw Donor
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a person who illegally uses another person's money to make a political contribution in their own name.[1] In the United States, making a political contribution in another person's name is illegal, as is agreeing to be the named donor with someone else's mone
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Citizens United
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was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting independent political expenditures by corporations and unions.
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Colonial period (1690-Revolutionary War)
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Newspapers were determining what they could say about the government.
Key victories for journalists against the government emboldened the press |
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Partisan Period (Post-War-1833)
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Newspapers adopted a harsher and more aggressive tone
The Federalist Party ultimately tried to control journalists in an effort to silence dissent |
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Penny Press Period (1833-1890)
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Characterized by the rise of cheap, popular papers that were distributed on the street and avoid politics
This fueled the rise of paid advertising in papers |
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Yellow Press Period (1890-Depression)
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Characterized by popular city papers that focused on human interest, worthy causes, and promotional stunts
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Ethnocentrism
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taking the American viewpoint on events and judging other countries by how yet measure up to US American journalists tend to emphasis negative aspects of other systems while downplaying the problem of ours
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Commitment to Democracy & Capitalism:
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American journalists tend to emphasis negative aspects of other systems while downplaying the problem of ours
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Small- Town Pastoralism
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Romanticizing rural life
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Individualism Tempered by Moderation
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Journalists like stories about unique individuals, but not too unique
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Social Order:
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Journalists focus on restoring social order, and are most likely to pay attention to those who represent the existing order
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The news hole:
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the amount of space (or time) in a publication ( or broadcast) left for the news after advertisements have been inserted
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Audience adaptation:
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different news organizations focus on different softies based on what they think their audience wants ( or can handle)
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Accessibility:
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is there (preferably live or recent material available)
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Pack Mentality:
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once one organization begins to cover a story, others may feel compelled to do the same
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Advertisers/Ownership:
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journalists may be pressured about which stories to cover or how to cover them
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Exploratory reporting:
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reporting on-depth on larger social issues, not just specific events
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Investigative journalism:
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reporters' using investigative techniques to produce stories, not just report as outside observers
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Soft News:
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reporting of entertainment news, human interest stories, and so on
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Agenda setting
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not telling us what to think but to think about
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Priming
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tells you what standard to use to evaluate something
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CNN effect
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making things that are far away seem important
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Framing
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what aspect of something we should emphasize
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The Fourth Estate
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refers to the media, signify that the media is important.
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Fourth Branch
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more modern term for media. Meant to signify that the media acts like a fourth branch of government.
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Fairness Doctrine
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- new stations have to air all sides of public issues
Why no more fairness doctrine? So many televisions shows-make sure to get diverse content. Air all sides of issues |
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What Makes The Internet a Unique Mass Medium?
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1. Interactivity
2. Enabled traditional media to appear on a computer 3. Open Architecture : Anyone care create and distribute their own messages. 4. Difficult to monopolize or control |
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Who invented the internet?
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NO ONE
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When was the basic internet idea
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1962: Interacting through a network.
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Early Internet technology was invented by who?
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by the military (DARPA)
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When was email invented? When was basic internet well established?
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1972
1985 |
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Who and when invented the World Wide Web?
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Scientist Tim Berners-Lee
early 1990s |
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Four crucial internet technologies?
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1. Digitization (of data)
2. Miniaturization (of hardware) 3. Compression (of data) 4. Fiber-optic cable ( and other broadband technologies) |
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What makes the internet a unique mass medium?
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1. Interactivity
2. Enabled traditional media to appear on a computer 3. Open Architecture : Anyone care create and distribute their own messages. 4. Difficult to monopolize or control |
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Walled Gardens
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Early business model for online portals with access limited mostly to proprietary content. any environment that controls the user's access to Web content and services.
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Marc Andresen
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Software wunderkind who designed pioneer browser Netscape (first internet browser)
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ARPAnet
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Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the world's first operational packet switching network and the progenitor of what was to become the global Internet
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Moore's Law
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the observation that over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. The period often quoted as "18 months" is due to Intel executive David House, who predicted that period for a doubling in chip performance (being a combination of the effect of more transistors and their being faster).The law is named after Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore
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The Conservative Dilemma
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as net access increases, the state has to explain why the public should accept the state's view of the world.
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Do Social Media Encourage Revolution?
Clay Shirkey YES: |
Social media have become coordinating tools for nearly all of the worlds political movements.
Direct or "instrumental" attempts by the US to strengthen net-based movements have failed. Instead, it's best to see the Internet as an "environmental" tool to build civil society. The Conservative Dilemma: as net access increases, the state has to explain why the public should accept the state's view of the world. |
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Do Social Media Encourage Revolution?
Malcolm Gladwell NO: |
Gladwell compares net activism to 1960s civil rights activism.
The key to "real" activism is personal connection, which the net cant recreate. The net is only good at encouraging low-risk activism. The net creates networked relationships, but hierarchical ones are necessary for high-risk activism. |
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Are People Better Informed in the Information Society?
Jackson, et al, says YES |
The question of this article is: does having a computer make you a better student?
The answer is: the results are inconclusive. The authors of the article conducted a study designed to answer the question They found that using the Internet tended to produce better grades However, their test subjects generally didn't use more advanced Internet communication tools |
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Are People Better informed in the Information Society?
Mark Bauerlein says NO |
The article is part of a book the author wrote about " the dumbest generation" : you
The author cites numerous studies that show young people are spending less time on academics and learning in general His argument is that young people are spending their times focusing on their own group, not the larger world The author argues that we no longer feel "the moral obligation to be intelligent" The lack of intellectual growth in young people will damage the US in the future The author thinks new media is at least partly to blame |
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Dr. Bellons Comments?
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These articles illustrate the problems with answering the question of how well informed we are
The Internet is always changing, so it is difficult to talk about what it is or not accomplishing One important impact if the Internet is that memorization is no longer important as it used to be This does not excuse our terrible ignorance as group of citizen. |
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What does the Media Focus on?
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News media- President and the White House
Conflict-if there’s a fight they like it Scandal Polls Brevity- simple stories |
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These are mythic characteristics or classic narratives candidates want us to associate them with:
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1. War Hero
2. Man of The People 3. Father 4. Savior 5. Friend |
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Will evolving form of journalism be an improvement?
The Economist says “YES” |
Because of social media, news is no longer gathered only by reporters.
Even news organizations and journalists have begun to embrace these news sources. Regular people are also becoming distributors of news through social media. Journalists are needed to edit confirm, and provide context for these new sources. |
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Will evolving form of journalism be an improvement?
Alex Jones says NO |
Traditional journalism and reporting forms the “iron core” of information that is essential for democracy.
Their core is being endangered by the financial problems of newspapers The Internet undermines the special status of traditional journalism, thus endangering its economic model. We are losing old journalism faster than we are gaining new journalism |
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Are Youth Indifferent to News and Politics
David Mindich says “YES” |
Statistically, people under 30 don’t participate as much in politics and are likely to read the news regularly.
The knowledge gap between older and younger citizens is large ad growing Schools need to assign more news pleading Traditional news sources need to work to rebuild young people’s trust |
The Pew Research Center says “NO!”
While young people are less likely to engage n traditional civics, they are more likely to engage in online civic. Political engagement has always been highest among the rich and well educated. Social media has the potential to expand the reach of politics beyond those with high socioeconomic standing. If this happens, young people are likely to lead the way. |
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Basic Television design was pursued in:
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1800s
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Picture screen TV technology was invented by who and when?
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a young American Idaho, Philo Farnsworth
1920s |
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Between 1941 and 1948, the number of TV stations went from
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10 to 100
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I don’t have any early TV shows to show you because…
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No one recorded them and were all done live.
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Tv was slow to disseminate in the US because of the “TV Freeze” which is when..
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the FCC stopped the growth of TV until it could be regulated.
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Early TV shows were how short?
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7 minutes.
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TV shows were created, produced, and sponsored by how many companies?
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one single company
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Which networks wanted freedom from sponsor control and wanted to make shows longer?
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ABC, CBS,NBC
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Arguably the most influential show in the history of TV
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I Love Lucy
• First TV how to be recorded (filmed) • First TV show to be edited using multiple takes • First show to be produced in Hollywood instead of New York • Broke many “taboos,” such as showing married people in bed together |
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Cable originated when?
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in the late 1940s to serve rural communities with poor reception
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By 1985, what percentage of americans had cable?
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46%
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Why was the growth of cable feared?
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it would destroy local TV
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the first company to try using satellite broadcast to reach its local affiliates
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• HBO
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Who realized he could use the same technology as HBO to reach affiliates with a non-premium channel? And what what became first standard cable station across the country and created a rush of new stations?
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Ted Turner.
"Superstation" |
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The Digital Divide
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• Refers to the growing contrast between those who can afford access to new media systems and those who cannot.
• It is used to describe a situation inside the US as well as a situation that exists between poorer and richer nations. • Some see it as the new “glass ceiling”: if you do not have Internet skills by a Cretan age, it may be more difficult for you to get a better job. |
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Are Youth Indifferent to News and Politics?
Pew Research Center says “NO!” |
While young people are less likely to engage n traditional civics, they are more likely to engage in online civic.
Political engagement has always been highest among the rich and well educated. Social media has the potential to expand the reach of politics beyond those with high socioeconomic standing. If this happens, young people are likely to lead the way. |
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Section 3:12
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broadcasters cannot have an across-the-board policy rejecting all paid and nonpaid appearances by candidates for federal office. A candidate's request must be evaluated and can be rejected only if it could cause serious disruption of program schedules or might prompt an excessive number of equal-time requests
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Section 3:15
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if a broadcaster provides one candidate for office with the opportunity to use a station's broadcast facilities, all other legally qualified candidates for the same office must be given the same opportunity
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