Speech Sound Disorders

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Seen in individuals who have difficulty with a few phonemes or whose speech errors are tied tfo motoric aspects of speech production

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articulation disorder

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Refers to an individual who has difficulty with the sound system of language

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Phonological disorder

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four types of speech sound disorders

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1. functional speech disorder
2. developmental phonological disorer
3. developmental apraxia of speech
4. developmental dysarthria of speech

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characteristics of speech sound disorders

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1. can co-occur with other conditions or speech sound disorders
2. can have a range from mild to severe
3. can occur with other communication disorders

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Treatment programs must...

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meet the needs of the individual child

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Particular problem sounds for functional speech disorders

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/s/, /z/, /th/ (voice and voiceless), /r/

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Seen as temporary delay or deviation from normal speech processing and production mechanism

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developmental phonological disorder

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factors relating to cause of phonological disorders

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1. complexity of sound patterns of language overwhelm the child
2. child's speech maturation is severely delayed
3. restricted speech systems are habituated
4. child has poor perception
5. child has difficulty initiating the sound system/organizing

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a disorder involving difficulties in placement of articulators. No consistency.

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developmental apraxia of speech

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causes of apraxia are...

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unknown

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a speech disorder involving problems with strength and control of speech musculature.

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dysarthria

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dysarthria is commonly caused by

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neuromuscular impairments and damage to the lower motor neurons

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dysarthria can affect all motor speech processes:

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voice, prosody, articulation, resonance, respiration

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these approaches may be used with young children with limited sound inventories to improve homonymy, phono awareness/literacy, and as an integrated approach to language intervention.

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Phonemic approach

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treatment approach used in cases of functional articulation disorders, resonance problems, and motor planning

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phonetic approach

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examples of phonemic treatment approaches

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limited sound inventories: stimulability
awareness/literacy: minimal pairs
language intervention: morphonological

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examples of phonetic treatment approaches

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articulation disorders: tradition Van Riper articulation approach
resonance:
motor planning: PROMPT

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Omission of a strident or substitution of a nonstrident consonant

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stridency deletion: "op" for soap or "wun" for "un "kith" for kiss

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stridents

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sounds that make an intense noise: s,z,ch,sh,dj,j

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deletion of an unstressed syllable

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weak syllable deletion: "gedi" for spaghetti

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alteration in voicing influenced by a surround phoneme

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voicing/devoicing: /beg/ for bake

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substitution where a liquid becomes a vowel in the FINAL POSITION

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vocalization/vowelization:
help = heup or people=pipo

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a client can imitate the error phoneme correctly with visual and auditory prompts

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stimulability

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articulation disorders MAY be caused by....

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deafness, neuromuscular impairments, structural abnormalities, delayed language, emotional duress, neuromotor maturation inadequacies

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child simplifies the phonology and is delayed in learning age-appropriate phonological rules

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phonological approach to articulation disorders

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m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h

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early 8 phonemes

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t, k ,g, ng, f, v, ch, dj

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middle 8 phonemes

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sh, th, th-v, s, z, l , r, j

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late 8 phonemes

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Kamhi said

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there is no "golden standard" approach that works for all children

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Traditional therapy for articulation disorder (Van Riper) includes:

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1. auditory perceptual training
2. focus on sound production
3. carry over practice to outside therapy

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1. recognizing/discrimminating the target (error) phoneme
2. learning the perceptual qualities of the correct phoneme

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auditory perceptual training

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1. start with simple, non complex articulation of a phoneme
2. progress to complex production of sound in conversation
3. treatment of one sound at a time (90% mastery)

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focus on sound production

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client observed to produce sound in other varying context, focus on self monitoring

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carryover

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Error analysis

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traditional method of assessing speech disorders

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Descriptive analysis

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more current, examines child's system as unique