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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Speech as Process: 3 Mechanical systems (Describe)
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Repiratory (Energy source)
Phonatory System (Sound Source) Articulatory System (Speech sound source) --Speech is an "overlaid" function for all |
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Upper Pulmonary System
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Oral & nasal cavaties
Pharynx |
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Lower Pulmonary System
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Larynx
Bronchial System Lungs |
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Chest Wall System
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Rib-cage
Abdomen Diaphragm |
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Pulmonary System
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Lung and Airways
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Visceral Pleura
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Membrane outside the lung
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Parietal Pleura
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membrane on the inner surface of the thorax
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Structures of Lower Respiratory System
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Trachea
Bonchial System Lungs |
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Trachea
----Describe---- |
11cm long->2 1/2 cm wide,
closed anteriorly, open posteriorly, 16-20 rings -cartilage, cartilage and smooth muscle line the posterior surface |
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Epithelium
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tissue lining the trachea
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Skeletal Support for the Respiratory System
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Rib Cage
Sternum Vertebral Column |
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Bronchial System
---Describe---- |
system of hollow tubes
pri, secon, tertiary divisions terminal bronchioles-> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar sacs (round at end) |
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Lungs
-----Describe----- |
Asymmetrical
Rt. is larger ~3 lobes Pleura |
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What does a newborn and old lung look like
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Newborn-Pink
Old-Grey |
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Pneumothroax
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Lung Collapse
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
----(IRV)--- |
vol/quantity of air that can be inhaled after natural inhalation
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IRV range in adults
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1500-2000cc
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
---(ERV)---- |
Max. amnt. of air that can be exhaled after reg. expirat.
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ERV range in adults
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1000-2000cc
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Residual Volume
---(RV)--- |
Max. amnt of air remaining in lungs after max. exhalation
--Increases w/age |
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RV range in adults
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1000-1500cc
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Resting Tidal Volume/Tidal Breathing
---(TV)--- |
-Vol. of air exchange during a specific task
-Depends on build, age, gender -Serves as ref. pt, meas.=CC's |
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Inspiratory Capacity
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Max amnt of air that can be inhaled at the end of reg. expiration
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Functional Residual Capacity
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Combo of ERV & RV-> FRC=ERV+RV
-avg=2500-3000cc in yng. adults (less outside group) -vol. of air contained in lungs after normal exhalation |
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Vital Capacity
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Total amnt of air avail. for life & Speech (max inhale to max exhale)
-TV+IRV+REV -5000 typical VC in adults |
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Total Lung Capacity
---(TLC)---- |
-total amnt holding VC& RV
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TLC CC in male and female
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Male=6000
Female=5000 |
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Location of Air Intake
QB & SB |
QB: Nose
SB: Mouth |
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Time ratios for IN/EX
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QB: 40% IN.....60% out
SB: 10% IN.....90% out |
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VOl of air inhaled/cyc. portion of VC utilized
-----Quiet Breathing----- |
QB: inhale up to 50%, exhale down to 40% VC~~~~10% VC utilized (50-40=10)
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Vol. of air inhaled/cyclr portion of VC utilized
-----Speech Breathing---- |
SB: inhale up to 60% VC, exhale down to 35-40% VC~~~~~~20-25% VC (60-40/35)
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Loud Speech
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40% VC used
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Child Speech
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40% VC used
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Muscle activity during Exhalation for QB & SB
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QB=inhale is active, exhale Passive
SB=controlled exhalation using abs. |
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Spirometer
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Instrument used to estimate lung volume
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What is Parkinson's Disease?
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A loss of involuntary/voluntary movement, neurological disorder
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Nature of Damage for Parkinson's Disease
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Muscle regidity
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Speech Characteristics for Parkinson's Disease
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Articulation-speech sound distorations (lips, tongue, teeth, not move the way they're suppose to)
Prosody- Flat inflection (intonation) Laryngeal Control- Reduced vocal intensity (soft voice) |
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Respiratory Control for Parkinson's Disease
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-Compressed chest wall shape
leads to limited VC -Compromised trachael pressure -Compromised oral P (in mouth) |
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Compensatory Strategies for Parkinson's Disease
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Max. P. & control egressive air stream ( air out)
--reduce sentence length --frequent inhalation --speaking at the beginning of exhalation cycle ~Increased Vocal Intensity --Strenthen vocal fold closure --Enhance laryngeal control thru sustained vowel phonation --Sustained (continuant) consonant phonation /s/ |
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Cerebellar Disease
--Nature of Disease-- |
Poor coordination of vol. movement
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Cerebellar Disease
--Speech Charateristics-- |
Unpredictable pitch & loudness control
Scanned Speech (robotic) |
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Cerebellar Diseases
--Respiratory Function-- |
Tidal Breathing my be jerky
Inspiratory gasps VC may be below normal |
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Cerebellar Diseases
--Mangement Strategies-- |
Begin utterances significantly above REL (want to start so P. is fine & utterances are above)
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Spinal Cord Injury
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Near Cervical and Thoracic Region
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Spinal Cord Injury
--Nature of Problem--- |
Poor/no enervation to muscles
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Spinal Cord Injury
--Speech Characteristics-- |
Reduced VC
Reduced Vocal Intensity Impresise consonant productin Few Syllables per breath Slow Inspirations |
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Spinal Cord Injury
--Respiratory Function-- |
VC may be below normal
Difficulty accessing IRV, ERV Larger abdominal volumes |
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Spinal Cord Injury
--Management Strategies-- |
Encourage larger lung Vol.
Facilitate optimal posture/individually adjusted seating system Greater Volitial control over speech (muscle strengthening coordination exercises) |
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Cerebral Palsy
--Nature of Damage-- |
Lack of O2(at birth), many degrees, hands rigid
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Cerebral Palsy
--Speech Characteristics-- |
-Articulation-distortions (dysarthria) & hyper/hyponasality
-Prosody -Laryngeal Control |
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Cerebral Palsy
--Respiratory Function-- |
Smaller than Normal VC
Muscular Problems lead to coordination problems P. Loss due to poor valve control |
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Cerebral Palsy
--Management Strategies-- |
Postural Support
Abdominal trussing Inspiratory Checking (someone take in air in sm. increments) |
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Voice Problems
--Nature of Damage-- |
Central-neurological->coming from
Peripheral-Vocal fold damage |
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Voice Problems
--Speech Characteristics-- |
Varied, according to nature & scope of damage
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Voice Problems
--Mangagement strategies-- |
Clavicular to abdominal breathing
Yawn sign (for vocal fold hyper function) |
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Larynx Trivia
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-Sits atop the 1st trachael ring
-approx. avg. length (male-44mm, Female-36mm) -Positioned higher in the throat (in infants and primates/early humans) -Postitioned anterior to C4 thru C6 |
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Larynx Functions
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-protection of airway
-locks air into lungs for certain activities -phonation->act of producing sound -swallowing |
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Laryngeal Skeleton
-Joints (Location & Function)- |
Cricoarytenoids- Abduction & adduction of vocal folds
Cricothyroids- Lengthen & shorten vocal folds, =regulate pitch |
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Inspiration-Expiration According to Boyle's Law->
Inhalation |
Inverse relationship btwn Vol & P.
Air flows in direction of Lower P ( Inhales ) Thoracic cavity vol. Decreases , lung Vol. Deceases ( exhale ) |
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Muscles of Respiration
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Muscle activity depends upon overall activity,
Some muscles participate fully in resp. other facilitate the process |
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Muscles of Respiration
--Primary Abdominal-- |
Diaphragm-> most important for respiratory stretch f/1 side of RC to->
"Resting State"-Inverted Bowl "Active State"- Flattened Bowl (make up floor of thoracic & top of abdominal wall) |
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Muslces of Respiration
--Primary Thoracic-- |
Intercostals- muscles btwn ribs
External Intercostal (lips) --Location-Btwn ribs, bottom of rib --Function-when EIC, contract, get external elevation of RC-> incr. vol. of thoracic cavity |
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Muscles of Respiration
--Primary Internal Intercostals-- |
11 Pairs
Location: come down opposite angle of external Funcion: Protection barrier for heart & lungs (lattis). -Rib Cage pulled down |
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Respiratory System Breakdowns: Problems that may affect speech
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-Inadequate air supply-intake problems (vital capacity-limited)
-Inefficent Breath Control ~Limited access to VC due to muscular problems ~Loss of AP due to inadequate valving |
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P trac
P oral |
Ptrac-AP of trachea (level)
Poral-AP at level of oral cavity |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles: Commonalities
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-All are involved in affecting glottal opening & varying the length & tension of the folds
-All are paired except Transverse Interarytenoid -All are adductors, except Posterior Cricoarytenoid -All are intervated by same branch of vagus (10th) except Cricothyroid |
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Muscles of Larynx
--Extrinsic-- (strap muscles) |
Infrahyoid-Pull larynx down when contract
Suprahyoid-pull larynx up when contract |
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Muscles of Larynx
--Intrinsic--- ***ADDUCTORS*** |
Adductors- Close vocal folds
-lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA):paired -Interarytenoid (IA):unpaired (closes glottis) -Cricothyroid (CT): Paired (lengthen thin vocal folds) -Thyroiarytenoid (TA): paired |
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Muscles of Larynx
--Intrinsic-- ***ABDUCTORS*** |
Abductors-open vocal folds
-Posterior Cricoarytenoid(PCA):paired |
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Respiratory Physiology
--Nature of Inspiration-- |
Active Porcess (always)
Involves muscle contracion (always) |
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Respiratory Physiolgy
--Nature of Expiration-- |
Passive process during QB
Involves Muscle relaxation Active process during forced exhalation --Involves contra. of abd. musc. --Air forced out of Resp. system |
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Resting Expiratory Level/End- Expiratory Level (REL)
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Brief inst. alveolar press is = atmos. P
Contraction-relaxation forces hold ea. other |
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Aryepiglottic Folds (anatomy)
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-extend f/sides of epiglottis to apex of ea. arytenoid
-CLOSE LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING |
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TRUE FOLDS (ANATOMY)
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5 LAYERS: 1. THYROIARYTIOD MUSCLE, 3 LAYERS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE AROUND MUSCLE, 5TH LAYER = EPITHELIUM COVERING MUCUS MEMBRANE
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