Speech Science Test Ii- Phonation/laryngeal System

Front 1

What 2 functions does the larynx have?

Back 1

1. Biological valve
2. Sound generator

Front 2

What kind of sound does vocal fold vibration produce?

Back 2

a sound that is quasiperiodic and complex

Front 3

What is the location of the larynx?

Back 3

at the top of trachea, just below the root of the tongue

Front 4

what is the skeletal framework of the larynx?

Back 4

Nine cartilages made of major cartilages and two laryngeal joints

Front 5

What are the major cartilages of the larynx?

Back 5

The thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoids (2)

Front 6

What are the two laryngeal joints?

Back 6

cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid

Front 7

Name the valves within the larynx?

Back 7

- aryepiglottic folds
- false vocal folds
- true vocal folds

Front 8

How can we describe the vocal folds?

Back 8

- as shelves of tissue with a layered structure

Front 9

What do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

Back 9

They are the primary active forces controlling the vocal folds during phonation

Front 10

What do the extrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

Back 10

Control the position of the larynx in terms of height

Front 11

What would elevate the larynx during swallowing?

Back 11

the extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Front 12

What are the three mechanical layers of the vocal folds?

Back 12

1. mucosal cover
2. transition (aka vocal ligament)
3. body (vocalis, lateral thyroarytenoid muscle)

Front 13

What is another name for the vocal ligament?

Back 13

transition

Front 14

What is the body of the vocal folds made up of?

Back 14

- vocalis muscle
- lateral thyroarytenoid muscle

Front 15

What is the mucosa made of?

Back 15

- epithelium
- superficial lamina propria aka Reinke's space
- intermediate lamina propria
- deep lamina propria

Front 16

Epithelium

Back 16

a thin, tough capsule; helps maintain vocal fold shape

Front 17

Superficial lamina propria- what is another name for it? Describe it

Back 17

aka Reinke's Space. Loose and pliable/primarily elastic fibers

Front 18

Intermediate lamina propria

Back 18

less flexible/mostly elastic fibers, but more densely packed than in superficial lamina propria

Front 19

Deep Lamina Propria

Back 19

somewhat stiffer than intermediate lamina propria, mostly collagenous fibers

Front 20

The intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propria form what?

Back 20

the vocal ligament

Front 21

vocalis muscle

Back 21

stiffest layer/striated muscle fibers

Front 22

epithelium + lamina propria=?

Back 22

mucosa

Front 23

What is the lamina propria made of?

Back 23

Superficial, intermediate, and deep layer

Front 24

vocalis muscle

Back 24

stiffest layer/striated muscle fibers

Front 25

The layers of the vocal folds increase stiffness in a __________ direction

Back 25

transverse, from epithelium to vocalis

Front 26

What principal allows aerodynamic energy to be imparted through the different layers of the vocal folds?

Back 26

impedence matching, because vocal folds are loose around the edge they are more easy to deform and impart energy more easily

Front 27

___________ motion of the cover is essential to normal phonation

Back 27

wavelike

Front 28

What direction do most of the vocal fold tissue fibers run in?

Back 28

they run anterior to posterior, parallel to vocal fold margins

Front 29

Laryngeal vascular system

Back 29

blood vessels are thinnest/run longitudinally in medial portions of vocal folds superficial layers

Front 30

In what three ways were the vocal folds designed for efficient vibration?

Back 30

1. progressive density/stiffness of layers (complex mechanical vibrator system)
2. tissue fibers run in anterior to posterior direction parallel to vocal fold margins
3. laryngeal vascular system- blood vessels are thinnest and run longitudinally in medial portions of the vocal fold superficial layers

Front 31

Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles

Back 31

vocal fold abductors

Front 32

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

Back 32

vocal fold adductors; increase medial compression of the vocal folds

Front 33

interarytenoid muscles

Back 33

vocal fold adductors

Front 34

cricothyroid muscles

Back 34

adjust the vocal fold tension, length and stiffness- affect rate of vocal fold vibration and pitch

Front 35

thyroarytenoid aka vocalis muscle

Back 35

can contract, resulting in increaseed tension/stiffness of the muscle (influences rate of vf vibration)

Front 36

What do some of the other intrinsic muscles do to the vocal folds?

Back 36

open, close, tense, relax them

Front 37

When was it understood that vocal fold vibration modulated the exhaled airstream and generated sound?

Back 37

the late 1800's

Front 38

When did Neurochronaxic Theory and Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory come into being?

Back 38

in the 1950s

Front 39

Neurochronaxic Theory

Back 39

Stated a neuromotor impulse to the vocalis muscle abducted (opened) vocal folds, adduction occured when vocal folds relaxed. Believed this happened for every cycle of vibration (1 neuromotor impulse per cycle)

Front 40

Why can't neurochronaxic theory be true?

Back 40

- nerves don't fire fast enough to be the thing that abducts vfs
- muscles would get tired
- the vocalis muscle is not an abductor
- no mention of airsteam in theory

Front 41

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory

Back 41

- vocal folds positioned towards the midline by contraction of adductor muscles
- subglottal pressure builds up underneath closed vfs, eventually overcome their resistence and blow vfs apart
- vfs move back towards original midline position because of their elasticity
- Bernoulli effect "sucks" vfs together as the approach midline approximation

Front 42

Vertical Phase Difference

Back 42

- inferior margins subjected to subglottic pressure 1st so vfs open from bottom to top
- because of mechanical linkage superior edges dragged along in direction of inferior edges
- inferior edges close first (inertia/elasticity), mechanically drag upper margins along

Front 43

Longitudinal Phase Difference

Back 43

Nonsimultaneous opening and closing of the vfs in the anterior-posterior direction. Open in the posterior to anterior direction, close in the anterior to posterior direction

Front 44

What is the mucosal wave?

Back 44

the ripple effect seen along the surface of the vocal folds

Front 45

What is the mucosal wave due to?

Back 45

it is related to the vertical phase difference and the tendency of the "cover" to move freely over the "body"

Front 46

Degree to which layers function separately is influenced by what?

Back 46

- intrinsic muscles
- extrinsic muscles
- vocal fold health

Front 47

What adjusts the mechanical properties of the cover and transition?

Back 47

laryngeal muscles

Front 48

What adjusts the mechanical properties of the body?

Back 48

it is controlled by itself

Front 49

What might laryngeal adjustment change?

Back 49

- fundamental frequency
- subglottal pressure
- sound pressure level or intensity level of voice
- glottal waveshape, sound wave composition, spectrum (vocal quality)

Front 50

What does the rate of vocal fold vibration depend on?

Back 50

length, mass and tension

Front 51

With a greater length and mass, fundamental frequency would be __________

Back 51

lower

Front 52

With greater tension of stiffness of the vocal folds, fundamental frequency would be ____________

Back 52

higher

Front 53

Vocal fundamental frequency is determined primarily by the ________________________-

Back 53

tension of the vocal fold cover

Front 54

How do we control intensity?

Back 54

- regulate subglottal pressure by increasing or decreasing medial compression of vfs
- increase the closed time=blown apart and come together more forcefully= stronger excitation of air in vocal tract

Front 55

Quality of voice is associated with what?

Back 55

harmonic in the complex signal

Front 56

fundamental frequency corresponds to percieved __________

Back 56

pitch

Front 57

higher fundamental frequency yields ___________ harmonic spacing

Back 57

wider

Front 58

quasiperiodic vibration

Back 58

almost periodic

Front 59

jitter

Back 59

frequency perturbation, cycle-to-cycle variations in frequency (or the period in each cycle)

Front 60

How do you measure jitter?

Back 60

in msec or %,

Front 61

What is considered a normal amount of jitter?

Back 61

less than or equal to 1% is considered normal

Front 62

What is considered a normal amount of shimmer?

Back 62

less than .5 dB

Front 63

Shimmer

Back 63

amplitude pertubation; cycle-to-cycle variations in amplitude

Front 64

What are the three vocal registers?

Back 64

pulse, modal and falsetto

Front 65

pulse

Back 65

- very low fundamental frequency
- "glottal fry"

Front 66

What is the vocal fold vibration like in the pulse register?

Back 66

tightly closed; lax free borders; long closed time; biphasic closure. Need 2 cm H20 driving pressure.

Front 67

What do you percieve with pulse register?

Back 67

- the "temporal gap" and bursts of acoustic energy (below about 70 Hz)

Front 68

When do we use modal register?

Back 68

in typical conversation

Front 69

What characterizes vfs during modal register?

Back 69

slack cover/stiffer body that is involved in vibration; closed portion of cycle is about 50% of entire cycle

Front 70

Falsetto

Back 70

very high fundamental frequency

Front 71

What is another name for falsetto?

Back 71

loft voice

Front 72

What characterizes vfs during falsetto?

Back 72

long and stiff vfs, thin edge, somewhat bowed. Cover is lax, ligament is tensed. Primarily the edges are involved in vibration, ligament and body don't vibrate as much. Rapid vibration with incomplete closure.

Front 73

What are the vocal fold parameters we measure?

Back 73

- maximum frequency range/pitch flexibility
- speaking fundamental frequency/habitual pitch
- maximum phonation time
- max/min intensity at various ff levels
- periodicity of vibration (jitter)
- noise generated by turbulent flow or aperiodic vibration

Front 74

breathiness

Back 74

incomplete vf closure, high frequency additive noise

Front 75

roughness/harshness

Back 75

turbulence and aperiodic vibration. Lower frequency additive noise.

Front 76

hoarseness

Back 76

combination of breathiness and roughness/harshness.