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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Complex Aperiodic Wave |
very random, can contain any number of frequencies, but these frequencies dont contain a relationship, source vibrates randomly |
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Examples of Aperiodic Waves |
Engines, vacuum cleaners, white noise, and static on the radio |
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Gaussian Noise |
Known as white noise, aperiodic, static and contains all noise at the same amplitude overtime and its known as continuous amplitude spectrum and produced by transients |
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Transient |
An abrupt sound with a short duration that doesnt have the ability to repeat itself overtime. They occur quickly and dont repeat example car door slamming |
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sound propagation |
sound is propagated in a spiracle manner, sound travels from all direction outward from the source. This is a product of the inverse square law |
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Inverse Square Law |
There is an orderly relationship between the distance the sound travels from a source and its decrease in amplitude The law states that the amplitude of a sound at a given distance from the source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the point of measurement of the sound source |
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Sound Absorption |
when a sound is absorbed it enters the structure then dissipates as heat the room is set up to absorb that sound |
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sound reflection |
sound hits a solid surface and results in sound prolongation |
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what is a reflected sound called |
Reverberation |
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reverberation |
the prolongation of the original sound in a confined space that leads to the concept of reverberation time |
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reverberation time |
time required for a sound to decay or be attenuated by 60dB within a confined space |
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relationship between reflection and absorption |
have an inverse relationship as a sound ability to absorb sound increases, the structures ability to reflect sound decreases |
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damping |
the diminishment of a sounds amplitude as a function of time this is due to the resistants it encounters as it travels the air molecule friction causes the attenuation of sound overtime |
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low damp vibratory system |
vibration last for a long period of time and diminishes gradually |
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high damp vibratory system |
• Sound doesn’t last for a long period of time • Sound decreases sharply • An example would be diagram |
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degrees of damping |
high damp vibratory system low damp vibratory system critically damp vibratory system |
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criticaly damped |
•The difference between this and low damp is it stops vibrating very quickly and its decrease in vibration is very sharp •Its an extreme of a high damp
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Resonatory System |
Filtering system, filters sounds, sound at the vocal folds is weak and lacks richness, the sound at the vocal folds is a flat buzz, without this all our consonants and vowels would sound the same a sound must vibrate to be a resonator |
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free vibration |
vibration caused by a single application of an external force the frequency that vibration occurs with the least applied force |
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what does the tuning fork do |
sets the air into force vibration it adds power to the original sound |
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rule |
• The nearer the frequency of the applied force to the natural frequency of the elastic system the greater the resulting amplitude of vibration • Second rule elastic systems can be forced to vibrate at frequencies other than there natural frequency however the amplitude of vibration becomes significantly smaller as the applied force deviates more greatly from the elastic systems natural frequency • The nearer the frequency of the applied force to the natural frequency of the elastic system the greater the resulting amplitude of vibration • Second rule elastic systems can be forced to vibrate at frequencies other than there natural frequency however the amplitude of vibration becomes significantly smaller as the applied force deviates more greatly from the elastic systems natural frequency |
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force vibration |
vibration caused by another object |
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reinforcement for resonator |
the further away the resonator frequency the less reinforcement and the closer the resonator frequency the more reinforcement |
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Acoustic Resonator |
anything that contains air your body contains two acoustic resonators (vocal tract and ear canal) |
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air filled tubes |
used to calculate frequencies and it is open at one end and closed at another end |
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odd quarter wavelength rule |
states that the air in the tube of uniform volume which is closed at one end will resonate to a frequency four times the length of the tube with the other formats occurring at odd number intervals of the resonate frequencies |
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Formant |
where frequencies become resonated must figure out the first 3 formants, all vowels have the same frequencies |
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Formant 1 formula |
F1= v/4xL |
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Formant 2 formula |
F2 = Vx3/4xL |
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Formant 3 formula |
F3=Vx5/4XL |
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What can be modified on a resonator |
shape, length and volume by moving our articulators |
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first formant |
most responsive to changes in mouth opening essentially small mouth openings first formant is lower frequency more opening mouth sounds result in higher first formants |
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second formants |
are most responsive to changes in the size of oral cavity • Lower second formant can be from lip racking and any jaw or tongue activity which narrows the size of the oral cavity is going to increase the frequency of the second formant |
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Third Formant |
Most responsive to the front and back constriction • The more forward the restriction the higher the consistency of the third formant • The more back of the restriction the lower the consistency of the third formant |
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Source Filter Theory |
Developed in the 1960s by Gunnar Fant • This theory states that energy from the source is modified by the resonant characteristics of the filter |
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what is the source and filter |
Source is the vocal folds filter is the vocal tract |
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3 functions modeled on a spectrum |
• The first function is the source function and exist at the level of the larynx and is represented by an amplitude spectrum which is comprised of any number of harmonics typically up to 5,000 HZ with each harmonic decreasing at a rate of 12 dB per octave • The transfer function doesn’t represent a sound but it represents the way the sound is going to be modify by the vocal tract • Output function reflects the sound as it emerges from the lips into the environment after its been modified according to the frequency response of he vocal tract |
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Source filter theory with consonants |
• Voiced consonants have two sources of sound which are a primary source and a secondary source • Voiced consonants Primary source is the vocal folds • Voiced consonants Secondary Source is the point of constriction created in the vocal tract by movement of the articulators |
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Source filter theory voiceless consonants |
• Source of sound is the point of constriction • The chamber or area posterior to the point of constriction is the back cavity • There also is the front cavity • These sounds are considered coupled sounds |
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Front cavity |
Cavity that is anterior to the point of constriction Cavity that is anterior to the point of constriction |
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Back cavity |
chamber that posterior to point of constriction |
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How does the point of constriction play a rule in shaping a sound |
The more forward the point of constriction the smaller the resonant cavity the higher its resonant frequencies and this is so high that it plays little rule in the shaping of the sound the more posterior the point of constriction the larger the front cavity the lower its resonant frequencies the more shaping of the sound |
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Periodic Complex Sound waves |
a wave where each cycle takes the same amount of time to occur |
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fourier analysis |
mathmatical procedure to identify the individual sinusoids in a complex sound |
