Speech Science Test 2

Front 1

Characteristics of grey matter

Back 1

- mostly cell bodies and dendrites

- usually the outer layer

- little myelin

- cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum

- nuclei in the CNS

-ganglia in the PNS

Front 2

What is the purpose of myelin?

Back 2

Electrical material that insulates axons to speed up neuronal transmission

Front 3

MS lesions typically occur in/around:

Back 3

ventricles, brain stem, basal ganglia, spinal cord, and optic nerve

Front 4

What are the consequences of ineffective nerve conduction in MS?

Back 4

- increase nerve excitability

- ephaptic transmission

- inability to sustain high frequency transmission

Front 5

Please describe the refractory period of a neuron.

Back 5

The period of unresponsiveness following a transmission of a synapse

Front 6

What happens when neurotransmitters opens nearby ion channels?

Back 6

It makes the cell more electro-positive or negative

Front 7

What is the importance of the pyramidal motor system?

Back 7

- Major system of voluntary control

- originated from the motor strip,

- these neurons synapse with others that go straight to the muscle

- not 100% motoric

Front 8

The pyramidal motor system is divided into:

Back 8

The upper motor neuron and the lower motor neuron

Front 9

The upper motor neuron is all ______ and _____

Back 9

descending and motoric

Front 10

The upper motor neuron innervates the _____

Back 10

Lower motor neuron

Front 11

The lower motor neuron goes to the ______ unit

Back 11

efferent (always skeletal muscle)

Front 12

ALL motor instructions pass through the _______

Back 12

Lower motor neuron

Front 13

The upper motor neuron originates in the _______

Back 13

brainstem or cortex

Front 14

The upper motor neuron carries motoric information downward to the ____________

Back 14

lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

Front 15

_______ of the upper motor neuron decussate at medullary pyramids

Back 15

90%

Front 16

The lower motor neuron originates from:

Back 16

its neurons have cell bodies in the spinal cord

Front 17

Lower motor neuron innervates a number of _____

Back 17

muscle fibers

Front 18

Larger more imprecise motor units require _________

Back 18

less innervation

Front 19

Please explain why paralysis is less common than paresis after neuronal damage to motoric areas of the brain

Back 19

one motor neuron synapses with multiple muscle fibers, therefore this arrangement reduces the chance that damage to one or a few motor neurons will significantly alter a muscle's entire ability of movement

Front 20

ALS: Amyotrophic:

Lateral:

Sclerosis:

Back 20

- lack of muscle nourishment

- lateral aspect of spinal cord

- hardening of the spinal cord

Front 21

ALS characteristics:

Back 21

- fatal

- rapidly progressive

- neurological

- affects movement, not sensation

- Upper and lower motor neurons degenerate

Front 22

Upper motor neuron symptoms for ALS:

Back 22

- spasticity

- hyper-reflexia

- bradykinesia

Front 23

Lower motor neuron symptoms for ALS:

Back 23

- muscle weakness

- atrophy

- cramps

- fasciculations

Front 24

What are some motor activities that the extrapyramidal motor system is involved in?

Back 24

- reflexes

- locomotion

- complex movements

- postural control

Front 25

Please compare/contrast the direct vs. indirect pathways of the basal ganglia.

Back 25

direct pathways sustain/facilitate ongoing action, while indirect pathways suppress unwanted movement

Front 26

Hydrostatic linkage is:

Back 26

the act of the lungs "sticking" to the thorax and diaphragm

Front 27

Hydrostatic linkage is created by:

Back 27

the presence of the pleural fluid

Front 28

Due to hydrostatic linkage, there is ALWAYS:

Back 28

air in the lungs

Front 29

Why do the lungs "stick" together in the thoracic cavity?

Back 29

Hydrostatic linkage (created by the presence of the pleural fluid)

Front 30

Due to hydrostatic linkage: the thorax exerts force on the lungs making them:

Back 30

stretch to a larger size

Front 31

Due to hydrostatic linkage: the lungs exerts force on the thorax making them:

Back 31

smaller than its anatomical size

Front 32

Due to effects of hydrostatic linkage, the lungs are:

Back 32

stretched beyond their rest state

Front 33

Due to the effects of hydrostatic linkage, the thorax is:

Back 33

Shrunk between its rest state

Front 34

Due to hydrostatic linkage, the lungs are always anatomically ______ than when decoupled from the thorax

Back 34

larger

Front 35

Lungs have _______ force

Back 35

recoiling

Front 36

Thorax has ______ force

Back 36

restoring

Front 37

Homeostatic point where our body wants atmospheric pressure to equal lung pressure during respiration

Back 37

REL (rest expiratory level)

Front 38

REL, when referring to speech curves, exists at ___ of vital capacity

Back 38

37%

Front 39

REL is _____

Back 39

homeostasis

Front 40

Normal breathing occurs between...

Back 40

REL (37%) and 55% vital capacity

Front 41

No movement of air occurs at REL because..

Back 41

There is no pressure differential

Front 42

I-fraction is defined as...

Back 42

The ratio of time spent inhaling vs. the time spend exhaling

Front 43

I-fraction ratio during rest:

Back 43

1:1

Front 44

When is the I-fraction ratio not 1:1?

Back 44

during speech

Front 45

What are the muscles of inhalation?

Back 45

diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles

Front 46

What are the muscles of exhalation?

Back 46

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Front 47

During inhalation, describe Boyle's law

Back 47

Increase lung volume, decrease pressure

Front 48

During exhalation, describe Boyle's law

Back 48

Decrease lung volume, increase pressure

Front 49

Walk through the Bernoulli's principle of one vocal fold cycle.

Back 49

Subglottic pressure, built up by the adduction of the VF's, blows opens the VF's. The VF's are blown apart creating a point of constriction, which causes an increase in velocity, and therefore creates a decrease in pressure. The decrease in pressure becomes negative and sucks the air in to pull the VF's back together. Then the cycle repeats.

Front 50

Explain what muscles are used for VF abduction and their concept

Back 50

Posterior cricoarytenoid: swings the VF away from midline

Front 51

Explain what muscles are used for adduction and their concept:

Back 51

Lateral cricoarytenoid:

- pulls the posterior and inferior part of the arytenoids downwards

- closes the medial and anterior part of the glottis

- allows for medial compression

Interarytenoids: (transverse, oblique muscles)

- accounts for posterior closure of the glottis

Front 52

How do we change intensity?

Back 52

Increase subglottic air pressure by rigorously contracting the muscles of adduction

Front 53

To increase pitch, _______ the VF's by:

Back 53

elongate; contracting the cricothyroid muscles to tilt the thyroid down and forward

Front 54

We decrease pitch by ________ the VF's, by:

Back 54

shorten and thicken; contracting the thyroarytenoid muscle

Front 55

How many times do the muscles of adduction contract during two seconds of phonation for an individual with a F0 of 100Hz?

Back 55

1

Front 56

When the muscle of inhalation contract, they do what to the volume of the lungs? This change in volume equals what type of change in pressure?

Back 56

Increase in volume, decrease in pressure