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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
when does sound occur?
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when a disturbance creates changes in pressure in gas, liquid or solid medium
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human sound production and perception systems rely primarily on
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air (gas)
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what is air?
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complex multitude of gases, constant motion in of random movement
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brownian motion
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presumably random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid
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when molecules collide was does it produce?
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pressure
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what is air pressure?
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force that acts perpendicularly on a surface; can move objects
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what are the measurements of air pressure?
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dyne/cm2, PSI, MKS, cgs system
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Dyne/cm2
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measures small amounts of force (unit of force) cm2--> unit of area
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PSI
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pounds per square inch
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MKS
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meters, kilograms, seconds (metric) measured in newtons
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N/m2
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1 pascal too large for speech, use micropascal
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cgs system
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centimeters, grams, seconds
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Pressure can also be described by the _________
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amount of force it takes to move a column of liquid (water or mercury)
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positive pressure vs. negative pressure vs. vacuum
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pressure higher than atmospheric pressure; pressure lower than atmospheric pressure; total absence of air (total absence of pressure)
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movement of air through particular area in a certain interval of time
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flow
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rate of flow, how fast gas is flowing
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volume velocity
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difference in pressure causes air to flow from higher to lower pressure
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driving pressure
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what kind of movement of air is critical for producing speech?
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driving pressure
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smooth flow of air with molecules moving in parallel direction at same speed
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laminar
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obstacle disrupts flow of air random variations in pressure
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turbulent flow
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air has an inverse relationship bw what?
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air volume and pressure
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air has a proportional relationship between what?
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air pressure and density
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volume
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refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions
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density
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refers to amount of mass per unit of volume
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Boyle's Law
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increased volume in enclose space decreases pressure; decreased volume in enclosed space increases pressure
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area of positive pressure, result of approaching and colliding air molecules which increases air density
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compression
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area of low pressure, result of increased distance bw air molecules, which decreases air density
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rarefraction
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clinical application of air pressure
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TM set into movement (moves slightly inward by force of compression, drawn outward by rarefraction), TM vibrates in response to air pressure, tiny bones of mid ear vibrate, sets fluid in motion in inner ear, triggers nerve cells which generates a nerve impulse, interpreted in brain as sound
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what is the basic nature of sound?
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consists of alternating increases and decreases in Pam
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elasticity and inertia
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when air molecules are set into vibration by disturbance, they vibrate a tiny distance around their rest positions, eventually coming to a stop (areas of compression and rarefraction)
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elasticity
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restoring force
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Hooke's Law
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(describes elasticity) states that the restoring force is proportional to the distance of displacement and acts in the opposite direction
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matter will remain at rest or continue in a fixed direction unless affected by some outside source
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inertia
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max distance from rest position molecule is displaced (determined by amount of energy involved in movement)
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amplitude
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decrease in amplitude, decrease in energy of sound; causes molecules to finally settle to their rest position
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damping
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what are the characteristics of a sound wave?
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frequency and period, amplitude, velocity, wavelength
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graph of waveform: x-axis, y-axis
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time, amplitude
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what are the different types of measurements and scales?
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visipitch, sonospeechII, normed scales
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normed scales: infants, children, males, females
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350-500hz, 270-300hz, 120hz, 220hz
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what is frequency?
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number of vibratory cycles per second
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what is frequency measured in?
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hertz
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frequencies important to speech signals?
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100-5000hz
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its important that frequency response of auditory system be matched to what?
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the sound-producing mechanism
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what is pitch?
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measured as cycles of vibration per second or hertz
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what is a typical female, male, and child pitch?
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190-230, 110-130, 300
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what is the range of pitch for males and females?
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80-500, 130-650
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amount of motion of a vibrating object or the amount of pressure change generated by the motion of the object
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amplitude
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amplitude is measured in what?
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dyne/cm2
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amount of energy or power needed to generate a certain output
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intensity
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what is the unit of intensity?
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db
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what is loudness?
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how your ears perceive the intensity generated by the degree of pressure change
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what is loudness measured in?
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phons
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____ the amplitude ____ the intensity =louder the sound
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increase, increase
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Intensity
increased loudness = a and b |
increased pitch, increased collision of the folds
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what is intensity measured in?
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db SPL
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how is intensity controlled in speech?
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subglottal pressure
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what happens to the VF during speech?
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they open and close to produce vibration
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Fundamental frequency is perceived as the _____ of the sound, where amplitude is perceived as the _____ of the sound
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pitch, loudness
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fundamental frequency
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lowest frequency component of a complex periodic wave
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fundamental frequencies of men and women
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130hz, 220hz
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the pitch changing mechanism
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person engaged in normal conversation may produce laryngeal tones that vary in pitch over a range of almost two octaves
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frequency and period
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one back and forth movement of the molecule makes up one cycle of vibration
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what is a cycle of vibration?
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increase in pressure, decrease in pressure, a further decrease in pressure, return to baseline
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frequency definition?
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number of cycles per second at which object of air vibrates
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period
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time it takes cycle to occur
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wave in which the cycles take the same amount of time to occur as every other cycle, and extent of pressure changes is equal for all cycles....example
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periodic wave form ie musical tone
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wave in which individual cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur....example
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aperiodic wave form ie noise
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same even pattern of vibration of the air molecules around it, which in turn vibrate the TM
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simple harmonic motion
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complex wave form
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wave consisting of two or more frequencies
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complex periodic wave forms
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consist of a series of frequencies that are systematically related to each other. Lowest is F0 and everything above that is harmonics--> whole number multiples
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the period is related to the _______ and depends on the _______ of the source
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frequency; physical characteristics
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speed depends on the characteristics of the _____
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medium
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wavelength
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distance in meters or centimeters covered by one complete cycle of pressure changes
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line spectrum --> glottal spectrum
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shows that the f0 is the lowest frequency and has the greatest amplitude; as harmonic frequencies increase, amplitude decreases systematically at a rate of 12 db per octave
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how many harmonics are in the human voice? what is significant in the human voice up to around?
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40; 4000 to 5000hz
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in sound production, the larynx is ____
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aerodynamic system
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what does sound production require?
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pulmonary power, vocal valving, sound shaping or resonance
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use of air pressure to se the elastic vf into vibration (phonation) or allow air to pass through larynx into upper vocal tract
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vocal valving
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subglottic pressure
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during each opening a tiny bit of air or "puffs" escape, cute off sharply by abruptly closing glottis; rapid vibration of folds means each "puff" follows; chain of air puffs set up a pressure wave at the glottis
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how many times do the vocal folds vibrate per second?
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over 100x
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in order for phonation to occur, air pressure below the folds must ____the pressure above the folds
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exceed
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what are some etiologies of people with voice disorders?
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vocal misuse, structural, neurological, trauma
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voice disorders
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problems related to frequency and amplitude variability
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what might indicate a voice disorder?
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inadequate or decreased f0
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what are types of speech disorders?
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ataxic, flaccid, hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, spastic, mixed
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ataxic
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monopitch, monoloudness, inappropriate burts of pitch and loudness
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flaccid
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low pitch, monopitch, monoloudness
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hyperkinetic
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involuntary variations in pitch and loudness
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hypokinetic
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monopitch, monoloudnesss, reduced loudness
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spastic
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low pitch, monopitch, reduced stress
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