Speech Sci Set One

Front 1

compression

Back 1

air molecules closer together

Front 2

rarefaction

Back 2

air molecules farther apart

Front 3

amplitude is related to the perception of

Back 3

loudness

Front 4

same amplitude in a smaller space what increases?

Back 4

intensity

Front 5

frequency is related to the perception of

Back 5

pitch

Front 6

friction causes ___ of movement

Back 6

damping

Front 7

if a movement is perpendicular to a surface, a larger surface means ____ pressure

Back 7

lower

Front 8

eardrum is a small surface so the pressure is ?

Back 8

concentrated - doesn't take much pressure to disturb eardrum

Front 9

All containers have air pressure.

Positive or negative: Balloon? Airplane?

Back 9

Balloon = positive

Airplane = negative

Front 10

Boyle's law (temperature constant)

Back 10

As space increases, pressure lowers

As space decreases, pressure rises

Front 11

Air molecules will attempt to ____ pressure, moving from ___ to ____

Back 11

equalize; movement from greater to less pressure

Front 12

the amount of movement past a certain point

Back 12

flow

Front 13

rate at which air particles move

Back 13

velocity

Front 14

force at which air is flowing

Back 14

pressure

Front 15

undisturbed, free flow with little friction

Back 15

laminar

Front 16

Sounds that are laminar?

Back 16

vowels

Front 17

Sounds that are turbulent?

Back 17

"S" - something impeding/blocking/disturbing

Front 18

Bernoulli Effect:

Velocity _____ if space is narrower;

This causes ______ pressure;

This pressure causes _______.

Back 18

Bernoulli Effect:

Velocity increases if space is narrower;

This increase causes negative pressure;

Negative pressure causes suction.

Front 19

Bernoulli Effect on voicing?

Back 19

Vocal folds blow open because of air flow. Narrow space, so they close again because of Bernoulli (and elasticity)

Front 20

period

Back 20

length of time air molecules complete one cycle

Front 21

Frequency

What is it and what three things influence.

Measured in?

Back 21

#cycles/second

influenced by size, mass, elasticity

Measured in hertz

Front 22

Define: amplitude

Define: intensity

Back 22

amplitude = amount of pressure exerted causing movement

intensity = force/rate contained in the movement; power per unit area

Front 23

Natural Resonating Frequency

Back 23

NRF = rate at which object vibrates freely

Front 24

waveform definition - shows the wave over ____?

Horizontal and Vertical axes?

Where is compression?

Back 24

Graphic representation of pressure changes.

Shows the wave over time.

Horizontal axis is time; Vertical is amplitude.

Compression above the x-axis; rarefaction below.

Front 25

pure tone vs. complex wave

Back 25

pure tone is simple harmonic motion - a single frequency

Front 26

Slower vibration = ___ frequency = ___ perceived ____

Back 26

Slower vibration = lower frequency = lower perceived pitch

Front 27

Small size = ____ pitch

Small mass = ____ pitch

Less elastic = ____ pitch

Back 27

Small size and mass = faster movement = higher pitch

Less elasticity (more stiff/less bendable) = faster = higher pitch

Front 28

rate of sound travel depends on

Back 28

Density and temperature.

Higher temp and density is faster. Faster in water than air. Faster in steel.

Also humidity and altitude to lesser extent.

Front 29

Line spectrum

Horizontal axis =

Vertical axis =

Shows time?

Back 29

Horizontal = frequency

Vertical = amplitude (pressure exerted causing movement)

One moment in time

Front 30

Forced vibration; when?

Back 30

vibration from one object sets another into motion; when NRF of both are close

Front 31

Two types of resonators

Back 31

Mechanical: actual object set into motion

Acoustic: air in air filled container set into motion

Front 32

How does acoustic resonance work in closed container and what are filter effects?

Back 32

sound wave enters container that is closed, wave is compressed, pushed back out

Filter effects: waves closest to NRF are amplified and those further away are dampened

Front 33

In an acoustic resonator, the frequencies amplified =

Back 33

bandwith

Front 34

resonators ___ and ____ sound waves that enter them

Back 34

modify and amplify

Front 35

Average fundamental frequency

Children

Females

Males

Aging

Back 35

Average fundamental frequency

Children 500 Hz

Females 250 Hz

Males 120 Hz

Aging - males F0 up because vf thinner; females F0 down because vf thicker and hormonal changes

Front 36

Changes in prosody, stress, intonation, emotion can be abnormal in variation due to three things?

Back 36

functional, organic, neurological

Front 37

Normal variation in frequency is ____ Hz for vowels and ____ Hz for conversational

Back 37

Normal variation 3-6 Hz for vowels and 20-30 Hz for conversational

Front 38

Maximal phonational range (in Hz)

Men

Women

Back 38

Men 80-700 Hz

Women 135-1000 Hz

Front 39

Amplitude measured in ?

Normal conversational speech range?

Female dynamic range?

Males greater or less range?

Back 39

dB SPL

Normal range 65-80 dB SPL

Females: dynamic range 50-115

Males greater range probably size differences

Front 40

propagation of a pressure wave in space and time

Back 40

sound

Front 41

sound is propagated through a

Back 41

medium (air, water, steel, etc)

Front 42

4 X 1023

Back 42

density of molecules in a cubic inch of air

Front 43

Name two forces that result from back and forth motion of molecules

Back 43

recoil and inertial - intrinsic to molecule

Front 44

____ forces contribute to dying out of motion

Back 44

friction

Front 45

force/unit area =

Back 45

pressure = F/A

Front 46

More density = (3 things)

Back 46

More frequent collisions, more force, more pressure

Front 47

Less tightly packed molecules

Back 47

More negative air pressure compared to Patm (atmospheric pressure)

Front 48

Define: Period (T) Formula? Measured in?

Back 48

Period is the time taken to complete one full cycle

T=1/f (frequency)

T usually in milliseconds

Front 49

Y axis of waveform; pressure =

Back 49

Patm (atmospheric pressure)

Front 50

Period and Frequency - linear or non linear?

Back 50

nonlinear

Front 51

Higher frequency = ___ wavelength

Back 51

higher frequency = shorter wavelength

Front 52

Define: Wavelength

Formula = ?

Back 52

Wavelength is the distance to complete one cycle on the waveform

Wavelength = c/f

F = frequency

c = speed of sound (33,600 cm/s or 11,000 ft/s)

Front 53

Complex sounds are the sum of their

Back 53

Component sinusoids

Front 54

Recoil and inertial forces produce oscillation of molecule around rest position

Back 54

Sinusoidal motion/simple harmonic motion

Front 55

sinusoidal motion is derived from

Back 55

linear projection of uniform circular speed

Front 56

Wavelengths are ___ for low frequencies

Back 56

wavelengths are longer for low frequencies

Front 57

Wavelengths are straighter for ___ frequencies

For aiming use?

For wrapping around use?

Back 57

wavelengths are straighter for high frequencies and more crooked for lows

(for aiming, use high)

(for wrapping around, use low)

Front 58

Three parameters of sinusoidal motion

Back 58

frequency (number of cycles in one second);

amplitude (displacement of an air molecule from rest);

phase (position of sinusoidal motion relative to arbitrary reference)

Front 59

sinusoidal function describes

Back 59

displacement of an object at any instant in time

Front 60

Sinusoidal Function.

Back 60

Displacement of an object at any instant in time D=A sin (2(pi)ft+phi)

D = displacement at any instant in time

A = maximum displacement from rest

F = frequency

T = time

Phi = starting phase of the motion

Front 61

More than 1 frequency, waveform with repeating pattern vs. more than 1 frequency, waveform with no repeating pattern

Back 61

complex periodic

complex aperiodic

Front 62

mathematical tool to decompose complex periodic waveform into its sinusoids

Back 62

Fourier Analysis

Front 63

When two or more sinusoids related by whole number multiple

Back 63

harmonic relationship; complex event will be periodic

Front 64

complex aperiodic acoustic event that contains in theory all frequencies fro 1Hz to infinity

Back 64

white noise

(amplitudes of each vary randomly over time; equal average energy at all frequencies - spectrum should be flat)

Front 65

Do complex aperiodic events have a fundamental frequency?

Back 65

no

Front 66

mass and elasticity determine what?

Back 66

frequency of vibration

mass is related to inertia

elasticity is related to recoil forces

Front 67

helmholtz - two chambers?

Back 67

cylinder is acoustic mass (inertiance - opposes change)

bowl is like a spring, recoil forces acoustic compliace

Front 68

larger bowl in helmholtz means more or less compliant?

Back 68

more compliant = more room for air to be displaced = less stiff

Front 69

increase in mass = ? frequency ?period

Back 69

lower frequency

higher period

Front 70

higher stiffness = ? frequency ? period

Back 70

higher stiffness = higher frequency and lower period

Front 71

loudness (amplitude) measures?

What creates amplitude in speech?

Back 71

pressure in sound wave at time recorded

amplitude is amount of air pressure we create in lungs

Front 72

higher fundamental frequency means more or fewer harmonics? Tinny or Rich?

Back 72

all harmonics are above fundamental frequency so higher F0 means fewer harmonics means more tinny sound. Lower F0 = richer sound.

Front 73

Resonant frequencies are ___ and ____ by a tube

Which multiples of the F0?

Back 73

amplified and modified by length of tube

They are the odd number multiples

Front 74

Is speech periodic or aperiodic?

Back 74

Speech switches back and forth - vowels periodic, other sounds like sibilants are aperiodic

Front 75

tube resonators have ___ resonances

Back 75

multiple

because multiple frequencies whose wavelengths lead to Patm at both ends of tube thus producing standing waves

Front 76

one-end closed tube resonator: where is the highest pressure?

Back 76

closed end

Front 77

four factors causing energy loss in vibrating systems

Back 77

friction - rub and produce heat

absorption - transfers to another structure

radiation - escaping energy

gravity - force in opposition

Front 78

more energy loss factors (friction etc) = ___ damping

Back 78

faster/heavier damping

Front 79

range of frequencies between two 3dB down (half-power) points on either side of peak energy

Back 79

bandwith

Front 80

greater damping = ____ decay and ___ bandwith

Back 80

greater damping = faster waveform decay and wider bandwiths

Front 81

resonators ___ or ____ acoustic energy

Back 81

shape or filter

Front 82

Flow =

Velocity =

Pressure =

Back 82

Flow = Amount

Velocity = Rate

Pressure = Force

Front 83

Speech Synthesis vs. Digitized Speech

Back 83

Synthesis is the process of combining waves to stimulate speech via computer

Digitized speech uses a human recording

Front 84

Define: Free vibration

Back 84

When an object vibrates without interference or restriction

Front 85

Define: Elasticity

Back 85

Amount of force required to displace the object some distance. Measured in terms of stiffness.