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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lipreading
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The person relies ONLY on the visual signal provided by the talker’s face for recognizing speech
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General Tendencies of Speech Reading
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- Normal hearing persons rely on speech reading
- Persons with hearing loss will rely more on the visual signal for speech recognition - the greater the hearing loss, the more the reliance on visual cues |
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Speech Reading
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- lip cues
- facial expression cues - gesture cues - body language cues - linguistic - situational cues - auditory cues* |
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Speechreading Poor Predictor
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- IQ
- Educational achievement - Duration of hearing loss - Practice lipreading - age of onset of hearing loss - socioeconomic state |
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Speechreading Good Predictor
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- Gender: Females are better
- Age: young better than old - neurophysiology measures - world knowledge - capitalize contextual cues guess - linguistic abilities |
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METS
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Message
Environment Talker Spechreader |
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Difficulties Lipreading
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- one third speech sounds visible
- mid and back consonants invisible - vowels not highly visible - rapidity of speech – 150 to 250 word/min - coarticulation - Stress can change appearance of word - Taker variability - Visemes and homophenes |
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Visemes
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Groups of Speech sounds that APPEAR identical on the lips
- f & v - p & b |
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Homophenes
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- Words that look identical on the mouth
- 40-60% of words |
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Message
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- Structure
- Frequency - neighborhoods - context |
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Environment
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- Viewing angle
- distance - room condition |
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Talkers
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- easier to lip read someone familiar
- females are easier to lip read than males |
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Speechreader
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- audibility
- use of appropriate amplification system, ALDS cochlear implant - Use of eyeglasses if necessary - Emotional physical state |
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Oral Interprets
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trained professional who sits in clear view of a person with a hearing loss and silently repeats a talkers message as it is spoken
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Bisensory Perception
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- what we see may influence what we hear
- what we hear may influence what we see - McGurk Effect |
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Holistic Approach
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- Increase the child’s knowledge of the speechreading process
- Increase the child’s ability to generate strategies to facilitate more successful communication - Increase the child’s confidence in the efficacy of high probability success - Increase the child’s tolerance for communicative situations that have a higher degree of frustration - Increase the child’s ability to generate personal goals for improving speechreading - Increase the child’s motivation to improve speech reading abilities |
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Developing Speech reading skills
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- First step is usually instructional and includes consideration for the process
- Second step may require speechreaders to reflect on their habits and skills - Third step may require speechreaders to identify difficult listening situations and formulate solutions - Fourth step is introduction of formal speechreading lessons |
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Analytic Speechreading Training
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- Focus on vowel and consonant recognition
- Underlying logic this curricula is to gradually increase reliance on auditory signal for discriminating phonemic contrasts while they are speechreading |
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Analytic Consonant Objective
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- will discriminate consonant pairs that differ in place of production and share either voice or manner
- will discriminate consonant pairs that share similar place of production but differ in manner and voice - will discriminate consonant pairs that share place and manner and/or voice - will identify consonants that share manner of production, using a four-item response set - will identify consonants from a six-item response set of voiced or voiceless consonants |
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this percent of Hearing Impaired people have accompanying visual deficiencies
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38-58%
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When BOTH auditory and visual information is available
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individuals with hearing loss tend to do better on communication tasks
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Analytic Approach
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percieve each of the basic parts before the whole can be identified
- syllable considered to be the basic unit |
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Synthetic Approach
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perception of the whole is paramount to perception of the basic part
- sentence is considered to be the basic unit |
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Children
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- Little research regarding children
- children may have greater potential for benefit from speechreading training than adults |
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Synthetic Speechreading Training Objectives
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- will follow simple directions using a closed set of response
- will identify a sentence illustration from a set of four dissimilar pictures - will identify a sentence illustration from a set of four similar pictures - will listen plus lipread to two related sentences, and then draw a picture about them or paraphrase them - will speechread a paragraph-long narrative and then answer questions about it |
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Speechreading Definition
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The person attends to both the talker's facial expressions AND gestures, and any other available cues
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Lipreading Definition
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the person relies ONLY on the visual signal provided by the talker's face for recognizing speech
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normal hearing person
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relies on speechreading
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person with hearing loss
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will rely more on the visual signal for speech recognition
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the greater the hearing loss
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the more the reliance on visual cues
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Speechreading for communication
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- normal hearing adults
- infants |
