Speech Pathology

Front 1

Phonetics is concerned with describing ___.

Back 1

Speech

Front 2

Most speech sounds are the result of movements of the __ and __.

Back 2

Tongue and lips

Front 3

Making speech gestures audible involves pushing air out of the __ while producing a noise in the __ or __.

Back 3

lungs; throat or mouth

Front 4

The tongue and lips make about __ different gestures to form the sounds of English.

Back 4

25

Front 5

The actions of the __ are among the fastest and most precise physical movements that people can make.

Back 5

Tongue

Front 6

Producing any sound requires __.

Back 6

Energy

Front 7

In nearly all speech sounds, the basic source of power is the ___.

Back 7

Respiratory system pushing air out of the lungs

Front 8

Air from the lungs goes up the ___ and into the ___, at which point it must pass between two small muscular folds called the ___.

Back 8

Trachea; larynx; vocal folds

Front 9

Sounds produced when the vocal folds are vibrating are said to be __.

Back 9

Voiced

Front 10

Sounds in which the vocal folds are apart are said to be __.

Back 10

Voiceless

Front 11

The air passages above the larynx are known as the __.

Back 11

Vocal tract

Front 12

The part of the vocal tract that can be used to form sounds, such as the tongue and the lips, are called __.

Back 12

Articulators

Front 13

Four main components of the speech production mechanism

Back 13

The airstream process, the phonation process, the oro-nasal process, and the articulatory process.

Front 14

Includes all the ways of pushing air out that provide the power for speech.

Back 14

Airstream process

Front 15

The name given to the actions of the vocal folds.

Back 15

Phonation process (voiced or voiceless sounds)

Front 16

The possibility of the airstream going out through the mouth or the nose is determined by the __.

Back 16

Oro-nasal process

Front 17

The movements of the tongue and lips interacting with the roof of the mouth and the pharynx are part of the __.

Back 17

Articulatory process

Front 18

The way in which we hear a sound depends on its __.

Back 18

Acoustic structure

Front 19

Speech sounds can differ from one another in three ways. They can be the same or different in ___.

Back 19

Pitch, loudness, and quality

Front 20

Sound consists of small variations in __ that occur very __ one after another.

Back 20

air pressure; rapidly

Front 21

In the case of voiced sounds, the vibrating vocal folds chop up the stream of lung air so that pulses of relatively __ pressure alternate with moments of __ pressure.

Back 21

High; lower

Front 22

Sounds in which the vocal folds are vibrating have comparatively __ regular pulses of air pressure.

Back 22

large

Front 23

Sounds without vocal fold vibration have a __ amplitude and irregular variations in air pressure.

Back 23

smaller

Front 24

A small protuberance that you can feel with the tip of your tongue and is just behind the upper teeth.

Back 24

Alveolar ridge

Front 25

The front part of the roof of the mouth is formed by a bony structure called __.

Back 25

Hard palate

Front 26

The soft part at the back of the mouth is called the __

Back 26

Soft palate/Velum

Front 27

When the muscular flap (velum) is raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal tract, preventing air from going out through the nose.

Back 27

Velic closure

Front 28

At the lower end of the soft palate is a small appendage hanging down that is known as the __.

Back 28

Uvula

Front 29

The part of the vocal tract between the uvula and the larynx is the __.

Back 29

Pharynx

Front 30

The __ and __ of the tongue are the most mobile parts.

Back 30

Tip and blade

Front 31

Behind the blade is what is called the __ of the tongue; it is the forward part of the body of the tongue and lies underneath the hard palate when the tongue is at rest.

Back 31

Front of tongue

Front 32

Part of tongue that is partly beneath the hard palate and partly beneath the soft palate

Back 32

Center of tongue

Front 33

Part of tongue that is beneath the soft palate.

Back 33

Back of tongue

Front 34

Part of tongue opposite the back wall of the pharynx.

Back 34

Root of tongue

Front 35

The __ is attached to the lower part of the root of the tongue.

Back 35

epiglottis

Front 36

In order to form consonants, the airstream through the vocal tract must be __.

Back 36

Obstructed

Front 37

Consonants can be classified according to the __ and __ of the obstruction.

Back 37

Place and manner

Front 38

Speech gestures using the lips are called __ articulations; those using the tip or blade of the tongue are called __ articulations; and those using the back of the tongue are called __ articulations.

Back 38

labial; coronal; dorsal

Front 39

__ sounds are made with the two lips.

__ sounds are made with the lower lip and upper front teeth.

__ sounds are made with the tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth.

__ sounds are made when the tongue protrudes between the teeth.
__ sounds are made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge.

__ sounds are made with the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge.

__ sounds are made with the tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge.

__ sounds are made with the front of the tongue and hard palate.

__ sounds are made with the back of the tongue and soft palate.

__ sounds are made with no movement of the supralaryngeal articulators.

Back 39

Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Interdental
Alveolar
Retroflex
Palato-Alveolar (post-alveolar)
Palatal
Velar
Glottal

Front 40

Two labial articulations

Four coronal articulations

One dorsal articulation

Articulation classified as either coronal or dorsal.

Back 40

Bilabial and labiodental

Dental, alveolar, retroflex, and palato-alveolar

Velar

Palatal

Front 41

In most speech, the soft palate is __ so that there is a velic closure.

Back 41

Raised

Front 42

A complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.

Two types:

If, in addition to articulatory closure in mouth, the soft palate is raised so that nasal tract is blocked off, airstream will be completely obstructed. Pressure in the mouth will build up and an __ will be formed. When the articulators come apart, the airstream will be released in a small burst of sound called __.

If the air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that air can go through the nose, the sound produced is a __.

Back 42

Stop

Oral stop; plosives

Nasal stop

Front 43

Close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced.

The higher-pitched sounds with a more obvious hiss, such as those in "sigh" or "shy" are sometimes called __.

Back 43

Fricative; sibilants

Front 44

A gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.

Back 44

Approximant

Front 45

Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.

Back 45

Lateral (Approximant)

Front 46

A kind of combination of a stop immediately followed by a fricative is called an __.

Back 46

Affricate

Front 47

When air flowing through a constriction causes the articulator to vibrate.

A rapid, ballistic movement of the tongue to and from the alveolar ridge.

Back 47

Trill; tap/flap

Front 48

Words in English that start with a vowel in the spelling are pronounced with a __ at the beginning of the vowel.

Back 48

Glottal stop

Front 49

The consonants may be described in terms of five factors.

Back 49

1. State of the vocal folds (voiced or voiceless)
2. Place of articulation
3. Central or lateral articulation
4. Soft palate raised to form a velic closure (oral sounds) or lowered (nasal sounds)
5. Manner of articulatory action

Front 50

In the production of vowel sounds, the articulators __ come very close together, and the passage of the airstream is relatively __.

Back 50

Do not; unobstructed

Front 51

We can describe vowel sounds roughly in terms of __ (2).

Back 51

The position of the highest point of the tongue and the position of the lips

Front 52

When the highest point of the tongue is in the front of the mouth.

When the tongue is close to the back surface of the vocal tract.

A movement of the lips (inward movement of the corners of the lips)

Back 52

Front vowels

Back vowels

Lip rounding (rounded or unrounded)

Front 53

The targets for vowel gestures can be described in terms of three factors.

Back 53

1. The height of the body of the tongue;
2. The front-back position of the tongue;
3. The degree of lip rounding

Front 54

Characteristic overtones are called the __ of the vowels, the one with the lower pitch being called the __ and the higher one the __ .

Back 54

Formants; first formant, second formant

Front 55

Super-imposed on the syllables are other features known as __. These include variations in __ and __.

Back 55

Suprasegmentals; stress and pitch

Front 56

Stress in English is produced by (3)

Back 56

1. Increased activity of the respiratory muscles, producing greater loudness.
2. Exaggeration of consonant and vowel properties, such as vowel height and stop aspiration.
3. Exaggeration of pitch so that low pitches are lower and high pitches are higher.

Front 57

__ is a technical term for an acoustic property of sound- namely, the number of complete repetitions (cycles) of a pattern of air pressure variation occurring in a second.

Back 57

Frequency

Front 58

The __ of a sound is an auditory property that enables a listener to place it on a scale going from low to high, without considering its acoustic properties.

Back 58

Pitch

Front 59

The pitch pattern in a sentence is known as the __.

Back 59

Intonation

Front 60

Two perscriptives on studying language:
1. Says how people should talk
2. Describes how people talk

Back 60

1. Prescriptive
2. Descriptive (the one our field is based on)

Front 61

Writing down the sounds people say

Back 61

Phonetic transcription

Front 62

For every sound, there should be one letter corresponding to that sound, and for every letter, there should be only one sound corresponding to it.

Back 62

The True Alphabetic Principle

Front 63

While some languages do have more 'phonetic' writing systems than English, there are still problems (2)

Back 63

Changes over time; dialectal variation

Front 64

__ are speech sounds made with a constriction. The air flowing out from the lungs is slowed down or stopped for an interval of time.

Back 64

Consonants

Front 65

__% of all English sounds are voiced and __% are voiceless.

Back 65

80; 20

Front 66

4 dimensions for describing vowels

Back 66

Height, backness, rounding, tense/lax

Front 67

Stressed syllables tend to be (3)

Unstressed syllables tend to be (3)

Back 67

Longer, louder, have full vowels
Softer, shorter, have reduced vowels

Front 68

Three kinds of stress patterns in two-syllable words in English.

Back 68

Trochees (most common): stressed-unstressed

Iambs: unstressed-stressed

Spondees: stressed-stressed