Speech-Language Pathology Praxis Review

Front 1

Define language?

Back 1

code and/or system with organized components, symbols

Front 2

What is phonetics?

Back 2

study of speech sounds, sounds organized into systematic categories according to their perception and production.

Front 3

What do speakers of any language need thats important for the production of sounds for speech?

Back 3

respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation.

Front 4

What is speech?

Back 4

the production of language

Front 5

What is language and speech behaviorally?

Back 5

they are verbal behaviors shaped and maintained by social communities.

Front 6

What is phonology?

Back 6

scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language.

Front 7

What are phonemes?

Back 7

smallest units of sound that can affect meaning.

Front 8

What are allomorphs?

Back 8

variations of phonemes that do not change word meanings.

Front 9

The term phonemic refers to what?

Back 9

the general and abstract system of sounds, slashes.

Front 10

Define phonetic?

Back 10

the concrete production of specific sounds, brackets.

Front 11

Phonetics is divided into different categories, what are they?

Back 11

Acoustic phonetics- examines relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech. The concern is the acoustic properties of sound waves (periodicity and aperiodicity)

Auditory phonetics- study of hearing, perception, and the brains processing of speech.

articulatory phonetics/physiological phonetics- study of speech sound production, how the articulators produce individual sounds.

applied phonetics- study of practical application of research in articulatory, perceptual, acoustic and experimental phonetics.

experimental phonetics- use of objective laboratory techniques to scientifically analyze speech sounds.

descriptive phonetics- study and explanation of the unique sound properties of various dialects and languages.

Front 12

How are consonants and vowels defined?

Back 12

by their role in speech production of syllables.

Front 13

The syllable is defined as?

Back 13

smallest phonetic unit.

Front 14

Yavas (1998) describes syllables as motor units comprised of three parts, what are they?

Back 14

onset-initial consonant or consonant cluster of the syllable, created by the release of the syllable pulse through articulatory movements action of the chest muscles.

nucleus- a vowel dipthong in the middle of the syllable, created by vowel shaping movements of the vocal tract.

coda- consonant at the end of the syllable, created by arrest of the syllable pulse through articulatory movements, action of the chest muscles or both.

Front 15

Vowels may also stand alone to form what?

Back 15

syllables, "ah, oh, I"

Front 16

Can consonants stand alone?

Back 16

no

Front 17

What are the characteristics of vowels?

Back 17

always voiced
may stand alone
velum always elevated
vocal tract open
airflow continuous
may be described by, distinctive features, tongue and lip position, tense verses lax

Front 18

What are the characteristics of consonants?

Back 18

may be voiced or voiceless
always combined with a vowel
velum elevated or lowered
vocal tract modified or constricted
airflow modified or stopped
may be described by distinctive features, place-voice manner

Front 19

Vowels can also be termed what?

Back 19

syllabics

Front 20

Are there any consonants that are syllabic in nature?

Back 20

Yes, /m/, /n/, /l/

Front 21

What are some other characters of syllables?

Back 21

they may be open(end in vowels) or closed(end in consonants)

Front 22

What is syllabification?

Back 22

the skill involved in identifying the number of syllables in words

Front 23

What are the dynamics of speech production?

Back 23

Phonetic adaptations- comprise of two types of variations, 1) in the way the articulators move and 2) extent to which vocal tract configurations change shape

Assimilation- influence of adjacent sounds, perceptible changes in sounds. Example (great zoo- the /z/ in zoo is devoiced due to voiceless /t/ in preceding word).

Coarticulation- influence of one phoneme upon another phoneme in production or perception. Two different phonemes move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds

Front 24

What are suprasegmentals?

Back 24

features of prosody, add meaning, variety, and color to running speech, larger units are involved such as syllables, words, phrases, and sentences than individual units or segmentals

Front 25

How are suprasegmentals affected?

Back 25

by a number of variables such as a person's cultural and linguistic background, emotional state, gender, age and most common that affect speech production is length, stress, rate, pitch, volume and juncture

Front 26

Define length in relation to speech sound production?

Back 26

is related to syllable production and perception, if syllables have long vowels they tend to have short consonants and if they have short vowels then they have long consonants

Front 27

Define stress?

Back 27

it can change the meanings of words. Stressed syllables are called primary stress and unstressed syllables are referred to as secondary or weak stress. They help differentiate noun and verb pairs that have identical sounds.

Front 28

How do stressed and unstressed syllables differ?

Back 28

stressed syllables are loud, longer, higher in pitch, greater muscular effort and;

unstressed syllables are soft, shorter, lower in pitch, less muscle effort

Front 29

Define rate?

Back 29

speed with which a person speaks. Rate reflects the phonetic duration of both sound and silence and may be affected by the speaker's emotion.

Front 30

Define pitch?

Back 30

auditory sensation (called perception) of the frequency with which the vocal folds vibrate, frequency is a physical property of the actual sound waves. Pitch is determined by mass, tension and elasticity of the vocal folds. And can indicate different meanings.

Front 31

Define intensity?

Back 31

sound pressure, another physical property of sound, sensory correlate is loudness, generally described as volume of sound. Also related to amplitude, greater the amplitude then the greater the sound loudness.

Front 32

Loudness is influenced by many variables, such as?

Back 32

amount of background noise in the situation, speakers feelings at the moment, speakers or listeners hearing acuity.

Front 33

Define juncture?

Back 33

called vocal punctuation, combination of suprasegmentals, such as intonation and pausing that mark special distinctions o grammatical divisions in speech, these distinctions affect the meaning of an utterance.

Front 34

What does sound or vibration propagation need or require?

Back 34

a medium such as air, liquid or gas.

Front 35

What are the two main properties of a medium that affect the transmission of sound?

Back 35

mass (density) and elasticity

Front 36

More massive objects require what?

Back 36

sound media, require greater force to set them into vibratory motion because of the higher inertia

Front 37

Vibratory motion is possible because of?

Back 37

partly because of the elasticity of objects. Elastic objects get distorted when a force is applied to them and in due course they recover their original form or position and as they change form or position they create waves of molecular disturbances (vibratory motion)

Front 38

How do vibrations repeat themselves?

Back 38

in cycles or hertz

Front 39

What is sound the result of?

Back 39

vibrations of an elastic object

Front 40

Physically, sound is what?

Back 40

compressional wave

Front 41

Psychologically, sound is what?

Back 41

compressional wave that produces a sensation

Front 42

Sound exists both as what?

Back 42

physical phenomenon and a sensory experience

Front 43

Sound is perceived in terms of?

Back 43

pitch and loudness

Front 44

The acoustic analysis of speech is conducted through what?

Back 44

use of a sound spectrograph

Front 45

A spectrograph produces a?

Back 45

spectrogram

Front 46

What does a spectrogram display?

Back 46

various components such as fundamental frequency and many other characteristics of vowels and consonants

Front 47

What is the frequency of vibration?

Back 47

the number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself within a second

Front 48

What is a pure tone?

Back 48

when a tone contains a single frequency

Front 49

What is simple harmonic motion?

Back 49

a tone of single frequency that repeats itself, also called sinusoidal motion

Front 50

A graphical representation of a sinusoidal motion is called a?

Back 50

sine wave

Front 51

What is a complex tone?

Back 51

is something that is created when two or more single frequency tones of differing frequencies are combined.

Front 52

The vibrations that make-up a complex tone are called what?

Back 52

periodic or aperiodic

Front 53

What is a periodic wave?

Back 53

when waves repeat themselves at regular and predictable intervals

Front 54

What is a aperiodic wave?

Back 54

when the vibratory patterns are random and the next pattern cannot be predicted from the previous pattern

Front 55

It may not always be the case but aperiodic waves are said to be equated with?

Back 55

noise

Front 56

Sound waves only imply?

Back 56

motion, there is no physical movement of matter, what moves or actually gets transferred is energy

Front 57

Why is sound propagated?

Back 57

because of the back and forth movements of molecules

Front 58

How is sound propagated?

Back 58

there is a time when the molecules are pressed together (compression) and a time when they move apart (rarefaction), thus only the molecules swing back and forth to create a wave of disturbance that the human ear may detect as sound

Front 59

The amount of molecular displacement per unit of time is measured in terms of?

Back 59

velocity

Front 60

A change in velocity is described as?

Back 60

acceleration or deceleration

Front 61

Acceleration is also related to?

Back 61

direction of movement; when direction changes, velocity also changes

Front 62

Vibratory motion has two important but independent characteristics that create distinctly different auditory sensation, what are they?

Back 62

frequency and amplitude

Front 63

How do we define frequency?

Back 63

as the number of cycles per second or Hz.

Front 64

A single cycle (or 1Hz) consists of?

Back 64

one instance of compression and one instance of rarefaction within a second

Front 65

How do we define a period?

Back 65

the amount of time needed for a cycle to be completed

Front 66

The frequency of vibration is defined as what?

Back 66

a function of the properties of the vibrating object

Front 67

The medium that transmits the sound affects what?

Back 67

the speed of the sound

Front 68

What happens with the speed of sound when the medium is more dense?

Back 68

it will retard the speed of sound

Front 69

What happens with the speed of sound when the medium less dense?

Back 69

sound will be propagated faster

Front 70

What happens when the sound is more elastic?

Back 70

a more elastic medium will propagate sound faster than a less elastic medium even if it is more dense (ex: steel is more elastic than air)

Front 71

The human ear is more sensitive to changes in?

Back 71

lower frequencies (below 1000 Hz)

Front 72

Define pitch?

Back 72

a sensory (perceptual) experience related to changes in frequency, a physical event.

Front 73

A sound of a higher frequency is perceived as what?

Back 73

a sound of a higher pitch than a sound of a lower frequency

Front 74

Define amplitude?

Back 74

it is the second important characteristic of vibratory motion, is a measure of the magnitude (intensity, strength) of the sound signal

Front 75

A measure of amplitude refers to?

Back 75

sound pressure

Front 76

What is sound pressure? How is it measured?

Back 76

the amount of force per unit area and is measured in dynes or newtons

Front 77

Amplitude is the extent of?

Back 77

molecular displacement

Front 78

The greater the degree of molecular displacement?

Back 78

the higher the amplitude or intensity of sound

Front 79

Amplitude, intensity, magnitude, and strength of a sound are?

Back 79

physical concepts

Front 80

Loudness is?

Back 80

a sensory concept

Front 81

Define loudness?

Back 81

a sensation related to physical amplitude or intensity of the sound, the higher the amplitude of a sound then the greater the perceived loudness of that sound

Front 82

A logarithmic scale is used?

Back 82

to express the intensity range to which the human ear is sensitive

Front 83

On the logarithmic scale the human ear is sensitive to?

Back 83

130 units called decibels (dB)

Front 84

A decibel is one tenth of?

Back 84

a bel, a unit of measure named after Alexander Graham Bell

Front 85

Instead of describing intensity, one can measure the?

Back 85

pressure of sound

Front 86

Intensity of sound is expressed in terms of?

Back 86

decibels at a certain sound pressure level (dB SPL)

Front 87

Sound pressure is the?

Back 87

square root of power, measured in watts

Front 88

The pressure itself is measured in?

Back 88

pascals (pa)

Front 89

Sound should reach a certain minimum intensity to?

Back 89

stimulate the human auditory system

Front 90

The minimum sound level is called

Back 90

hearing level

Front 91

Sounds of different frequencies need to reach?

Back 91

different minimum levels before they stimulate the human ear

Front 92

Sounds of 1000 to 4000 Hz can stimulate the auditory system at?

Back 92

lower intensities than those at other frequencies

Front 93

Differential sensitivity of the ear to different frequencies creates?

Back 93

problems in the measurement of hearing and hearing loss

Front 94

This problem has been solved by?

Back 94

arbitrarily setting the minimum sound pressure level required to stimulate the auditory system at zero for all frequencies

Front 95

This minimum level is known as the?

Back 95

0 dB hearing level

Front 96

Loudness or intensity of speech also is measured in terms of?

Back 96

dB SPL

Front 97

Intensity of normal conversational speech varies between?

Back 97

50 and 70 dB SPL

Front 98

Very intense sounds exceed?

Back 98

100 dB SPL and may induce pain

Front 99

What is the fundamental frequency

Back 99

the lowest component frequency of a periodic wave; it is the principal component of a sound wave and has the greatest wavelength and it can be furthered defined as the tone produced by the vibration of the vocal folds before the air reaches any cavities, it is the first harmonic

Front 100

In a periodic complex sound, all frequencies can be characterized as?

Back 100

whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency, these tones, called harmonics or overtones occur over the fundamental frequency

Front 101

In terms of acoustic analysis, vowels are generally?

Back 101

easier to analyze acoustically than consonants

Front 102

In a normal speaker, who has no vocal pathology?

Back 102

vowels are associated with a steady-state acoustic pattern and a steady state articulatory configuration

Front 103

Vowels are often described?

Back 103

very simply according to the frequencies of the first three formants (F1, F2, F3 frequencies)

Front 104

When extraneous factors such as suprasegmental are controlled, then?

Back 104

the fundamental frequency of vowels varies with their height and on average high vowels have a higher fundamental frequency than low vowels (ex: i has a higher fundamental frequency than a)

Front 105

A very general rule in relating vowel articulation to vowel formant frequencies is that?

Back 105

F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (anterior to posterior position of the tongue)

Front 106

All vowels can be described by the same acoustic characteristics, such as?

Back 106

formant pattern or duration

Front 107

Consonants are more complex and are analyzed according to?

Back 107

parameters such as voice onset time, formant transition (when a vowel follows a consonant), turbulent airflow (in the case of fricatives) and others

Front 108

Voice onset time refers to?

Back 108

the time between the release of the stop consonant k and the beginning of the vowel, time required to initiate sound at the vocal