Speech & Hearing Mechanism - Neuroanatomy

Front 1

The __________is the largest lobe, making up _____ of the cortex.

Back 1

Frontal lobe, 1/3 of the cortex,

Front 2

The frontal lobe is the _________-most portion of the cortex, also known as the _________lobe.

Back 2

anterior-most portion of cortex, thinking lobe.

Front 3

Frontal lobe contains __________ area, an important area for speech motor planning.

Back 3

Broca's area

Front 4

Broca's area is responsible for _________ language production.

Back 4

expressive language production

Front 5

The _______ _______ in the frontal lobe is the site of initiaton of voluntary motor movement (motor output)

Back 5

motor strip

Front 6

Motor function is ______ arrayed along the motor strip.

Back 6

spatially arrayed

Front 7

The ___lobe is the primary site body(_________) for sensory reception

Back 7

Parietal lobe, somatic (body) sense reception.

Front 8

All senses that reach ________, terminate in the parietal lobe.

Back 8

consciousness

Front 9

The ______________, is the site of somatic sensation from various body regions

Back 9

postcentral gyrus

Front 10

______ ______ is spatially arrayed along the postcentral gyrus.

Back 10

Sensory function

Front 11

Mr. Jones had a stroke. You showed him a picture of a hat. He has mild aphasia, saying, " I know what that is, but I can't say the word - I know you put it on your head".

What area of the brain has been affected?

Back 11

Damage to Broca's area - problem with language retrieval

Front 12

The _______ lobe is the site of auditory reception

Back 12

temporal lobe

Front 13

The Temporal lobe contains __________ _________, an important area for receptive language processing.

Back 13

Wernicke's area

Front 14

Wernicke's Area, located in the ________lobe is responsible for ____________ ____________ ________.

Back 14

temporal lobe, receptive language processing, language decoding

Front 15

The temporal lobe is the prominant ________ lobe, separated from the ___________ lobe and _______ lobe by the ________ fissure.

Back 15

temporal lobe, prominant lateral lobe, separated from the parietal and frontal lobes by the lateral fissure.

Front 16

The _______ lobe, the most posterior lobe, is responsible for receiveing ______ stimulation.

Back 16

Occipital lobe, most posterior lobe, responsible for receiving visual stimulation.

Front 17

Occipital Lobe is the site responsible for receiving:

Back 17

Visual input to the cerebrum.

Front 18

Insular lobe is revealed by________ ___ ______, where it lies deep in the _________ __________.

Back 18

Deflecting the Temporal lobe (underneath temporal lobe), lies deep in the lateral sulcus.

Front 19

Limbic Lobe is located where?

Back 19

Limbic Lobe - not a distinct region

Front 20

The Limbic Lobe arises from functional relationships associated with:

Back 20

emotional behavior, motivation, sex drive, affect

Front 21

Medial surface of the Cerebral Cortex is known as the __________.

Back 21

Corpus Collosum

Front 22

The Corpus Collosum is responsible for what?

Is it typically larger in men or women?

Back 22

Providing communication between the two hemispheres.

Larger in women.

Front 23

The hippocampus, a structure involved in ________, is located on the ________surface of the ______ _______.

Back 23

Memory,
Inferior surface of the Cerebral Cortex

Front 24

Myelinated Fibers
a) made up of neuron bodies

Back 24

grey matter

Front 25

Myelinated Fibers
b) made up of myelinated axon fibers
- form the communication link among the ___________

Back 25

b) white matter
communication link among the neurons

Front 26

Myelinated Fibers - White Matter
___ types of fibers - connect the _______of the cerebral cortex

Back 26

3 types of fibers
Connect the regions of the cerebral cortex

Front 27

Myelinated Fibers - White Matter

projection fibers -

Back 27

connect the cortex with distant locations

Front 28

Myelinated Fibers - White Matter

association fibers-

Back 28

Connect regions of the same hemisphere

Front 29

Myelinated Fibers - White Matter

commissural fibers

Back 29

connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres

Front 30

Myelinated Fibers - White Matter

The Corpus Callosum is the major group of _____ _______

Back 30

Commissural Fibers

Front 31

Anatomy of the Subcortex

A collection of cell bodies involved in control of movement.

Back 31

basal ganglia

Front 32

Anatomy of the Subcortex

Basal Ganglia (Basal Nuclei) structures include the: 1,2.3

Back 32

1. Caudate Nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus

Front 33

Anatomy of the Subcortex

Hippocampal Formation
Located? Function?

Back 33

Located in the temporal lobe.

Function: memory

Front 34

Anatomy of the Subcortex
The paired _______ are the final relay for _______ information directed toward the cerebral cortex.

Back 34

paired thalami

sensory information

Front 35

Anatomy of the Subcortex
All sensation with the exception of _____, passes through the thalamus.

Back 35

olfaction (smell)

Front 36

Anatomy of the Subcortex

Interacts with the globus pallidus to control movement.

Back 36

Subthalamus

Front 37

Anatomy of the Subcortex

Hypothalamus

Back 37

controls bodily functions and desires

Front 38

Reproductive behavior, physiology, desire for food and water, perception of satiation, control of digestive processes, and metabolic functions are controlled by?

Back 38

Hypothalamus

Front 39

Anatomy of the Subcortex
Responsible for metabolic functions including maintenance of water balance & body temperature.

Back 39

Hypothalamus

Front 40

Cerebrovascular System
*Although the brain makes up only __% of the body weight, it consumes ___% of the oxygen transported by the vascular system to meet the metabolic requirements of nervous tissue.

Back 40

2% of body weight
Consumes 20% of oxygen

Front 41

Cerebrovascular System

Anterior cerebral arteries

Back 41

Serve the medial surface of the brain

Front 42

Cerebrovascular System

Middle Cerebral artery

Back 42

serves the alteral cortex includeing temporal lobe, motor strip, Wernicke's area and much of the parietal lobe.

Front 43

Cerebrovascular System

The most common site of occlusion, which may result in significant speech & language deficits if the occlusion ivolves the dominant cerebral hemisphere.

Back 43

Middle Cerebral Artery

Front 44

Cerebrovascular System
Most people have dominant _____hemisphere, meaning that speech and language are controlled there.

Back 44

Left hemispere

Front 45

Cerebrovascular System
_________ arteries - branch to form the ____ & _____ spinal arteries with ________components serving the _____brainstem.

Back 45

Vertebral arteries -
anterior & posterior
ascending components
serving ventral brainstem

Front 46

Cerebrovascular System

Circle of Willis

Back 46

a series of communicating arteries that provides redundant pathways for bloodflow to regions of cerebral cortex, equalizing pressure.

Front 47

Cerebrovascular System

Venous drainage

Back 47

The blood supply for the brain that requires a return route for blood that has circulated and exchanged its nutrients.

Front 48

Cerebrovascular System

A system of blood vessels (veins) which provide the means for carbon-dioxide rich blood to the lungs for reoxygenation.

Back 48

Veinous Drainage

Front 49

Cerebrovascular System

Venus drainage is accomplished by means of a series of _______ & deep ________ (sinuses).

Back 49

superficial & deep cisterns

Front 50

Blood returns to the general bloodstream by means of the ______veins.

Back 50

Jugular veins

Front 51

Cerebrovascular System

Spinal cord drainage is accomplished by means of ________ veins.

Back 51

Radicular veins

Front 52

Cerebrovascular System

Obstruction

Back 52

Critical blockage of the blood supply, caused when a foreign body within the blood vessel (thrombus) creates a blockageto blood flow (thrombosis) or becomes an embolus when released into bloodstream..

Front 53

Cerebrovascular System

Aneurysm

Back 53

a ballooning of a blood vessel, rupture of which results in blood being released into that region of the brain.

Front 54

Cerebellum

Back 54

Largest component of the hindbrain

Front 55

Cerebellum - responsible for:

Back 55

Coordinating motor commands with sensory inputs, communicating with brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord.

Front 56

Cerebellum is divided into___lobes, and helps with sense of _____, space in equilibrium

Back 56

3 lobes
helps with sense of balance

Front 57

Cerebellum

1. flocculondular lobe

Back 57

coordinates position in space via vestibular nuclei

Front 58

Cerebellum

2. anterior lobe

Back 58

coordinates postural adjustment against gravity.

Front 59

Cerebellum

3. posterior lobe

Back 59

mediates fine motor adjustments

Front 60

Cerebellum

The cerebellum communicates with the rest of the nervous system via the:

Back 60

superior, middle and inferior cerebral peduncles

Front 61

Cerebellum
The cerebellar cortex consists of ___ layers - name them.

Back 61

3 layers
outer molecular layer,
Purkinje layer,
deep granular layer

Front 62

Cerebellum
The 4 types of cells that are responsible for coordinating input received from the nervous system

Back 62

Golgi, basket, stellate and Purkinje cells

Front 63

Cerebellum
Four pairs of nuclei are found in the cerebellum

Back 63

1. dentate nucleus
2. emboliform nucleus
3. globose nucleus
4. fastigal nucleus

Front 64

Cerebellum
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract communicate _________ from the upper body to the cerebellum.

Back 64

procioception (sense of body - muscle soreness), temperature, and touch sense

Front 65

Cerebellum
The ventral spinocerebellar and rostral spinocerebellar tracts mediate:

Back 65

ipsilateral (same side sensory reception) proprioceptive information and pain sense from the lower and upper body

Front 66

Cerebellum
The olivocerebellar tract mediates information received from the:

Big Dog

Back 66

spinal cord, cerebral cortex and other structures and provides communication between cerebellar hemispheres.

Front 67

Anatomy of the Brainstem

The brainstem consists of the

Back 67

medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

Front 68

Anatomy of the Brainstem

Evolutionarily order the cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord.

Back 68

spinal cord, the most primitive part of CNS
brainstem - middle
Cerebral cortex - most evolved

Front 69

Anatomy of the Brainstem

The brainstem reflects an intermediate stage of organization, between the:

Back 69

simple reflexive responses seen at the level of the spinal cord and the complex responses generated by the cerebral cortex.

Front 70

Anatomy of the Brainstem
Cranial nerves and their nuclei arise from the _____ and basic bodily functions for life are ________ _____.

Back 70

brainstem, basic bodily functions for life maintained there

Front 71

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
_________The inferior-most segment of the brainstem, sits anterior to spinal cord.
Damage to this area is imminently life-threatening.

Back 71

Medulla Oblongata (Medulla)

Front 72

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
pyramidal decussation

Back 72

the point within the edulla at which fibers of the corticospinal tract cross from one side to the other

Front 73

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
Most of the axons carrying motor commands from the ____ hemisphere cross to the ___ side of the medulla to continue down through the spinal cord on the _____side.

Back 73

left, cross to the right,

right side of spinal cord

Front 74

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
At the _____ ____ the fibers divide into lateral and anterior _____ tracts.

Back 74

pyramidal decussation,
lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts.

Front 75

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:

Corticospinal tracts in the pyramidal decussation are responsible for:

Back 75

activation fo skeletal muscles of the extremeties.

Front 76

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
Commands to move the skeletal muscles of the extremities are controlled by the:

Back 76

Cerebrum

Front 77

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:

Pons-
Located:
Function:

Back 77

Located above the medulla.

Serves as bridge between medulla and midbrain.

Front 78

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:

The site of 4 cranial nerve nuclei and origin of middle and superior cerebellar peduncles.

Back 78

Pons

Front 79

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
Middle and superior cerebellar peduncles
Location:
Function

Back 79

in Pons

serve as super-highways for communication with cerebellum

Front 80

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
Midbrain

Back 80

superior most structure of brainstem

Front 81

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
Which part of the brainstem gives rise to the III & IV cranial nerves & contains the cerebral peduncles leading to & from cerebrum?

Back 81

Midbrain

Front 82

Superficial Brainstem Landmarks:
Bottom to Top

Back 82

1 .Spinal Cord
2. Medulla
3. Pons
4. Midbrain

Front 83

Deep Structures of the Brainstem
The brainstem can not be visualized from above because, like the spinal cord, it is organized ______.

Back 83

organized vertically

Front 84

Deep Structures of the Brainstem
The brainstem is made up ofcolumnar nuclei and tracts that:

Back 84

serve the periphery spinal cord, cerebral, cerebellar and subcortical structures. (anatomically up and down rather than horizontal)

Front 85

Deep Structures of the Brainstem
Reticular formation

Back 85

important mass of nuclei that spans the medulla, pons and midbrain

Front 86

Deep Structures of the Brainstem A composite of brainstem nuclei, forming the oldest part of the brainstem and representing our first evolutionary effort at complex processing.

Back 86

Reticular Formation

Front 87

Deep Structures of the Brainstem
Reticular Formation- an important mass of nuclei, beginning _____the level of the decussation of the pyramids and making up the _______structure of the _________.

Back 87

begins above the decussation of pyramids, making up central structure of brainstem.

Front 88

Deep Structures of the Brainstem
The Reticular Formation is _______ important for _____function, as it contains nuclei associated with ____& maintenance of _____.

Back 88

extraordinarily important for life function

contains nuclei associated with respiration and maintenance of blood pressure

Front 89

Cranial Nerve Classification
Cranial nerves are referred to by ___ , ___ or _____.
There are _____ cranial nerves

Back 89

referred to by name, number or both

12

Front 90

Cranial Nerve Classification
______ are used to label cranial nerrves and the number represents:

Back 90

Roman numerals

Inverse height in the brainstem

Front 91

Cranial Nerve Classification

Midbrain - Cranial Nerves # _ - _

Back 91

I-IV

Front 92

Cranial Nerve Classification

Pons - Cranial Nerves # _ - _

Back 92

V - VIII

Front 93

Cranial Nerve Classification

Medulla - Cranial Nerves # _ - _

Back 93

IX through XII

Front 94

Cranial Nerve Classification
Unlike _____ nerves, cranial nerves are differentiated based up on __ defining categories.

Back 94

Unlike spinal nerves,
cranial nerves - differentiated based on 7 defining categories

Front 95

Cranial Nerve Classification
Functional divisions for classification of Cranial Nerves

Back 95

General / Special
Somatic /Visceral area of service
Nerves- Efferent / Afferent/ Both

Front 96

Cranial Nerve Classification

GSA - General Somatic Afferent Nerves -

Back 96

sensory nerves involved in communicating the sensory info . from skin, muscles and joints, including pain and temperature

Front 97

Cranial Nerve Classification

SSA - Special Somatic Afferent Nerves

Back 97

serve special body senses such as vision and hearing

Front 98

Cranial Nerve Classification

GVA - General Visceral Afferent Nerves

Back 98

transmit sensory informaiton from receptors in visceral structures such as the digestive tract

Front 99

Cranial Nerve Classification

SVA - Special Visceral Afferent Nerves

Back 99

provide information from the special visceral senses of taste and smell

Front 100

Cranial Nerve Classification

GVE- General Visceral Efferent Nerves

Back 100

autonomic fibers serving viscera and glands

Front 101

Cranial Nerve Classification

GSE- General Somatic Efferent Nerves

Back 101

Provide innervations of skeletal muscle and are important for speech production.

Front 102

Cranial Nerve Classification

SVE - Special Visceral Efferent Nerves

Back 102

involved with innervation of the larynx, pharynx, soft palate, face, and muscles of mastication

Front 103

Specific Cranial Nerves

I

Back 103

Olfactory - sense of smell

Front 104

Specific Cranial Nerves

II

Back 104

Optic - communicates visual information to the brain

Front 105

Specific Cranial Nerves

III

Back 105

Oculomotor -
provide innerations for eyes

Front 106

Specific Cranial Nerves

IV

Back 106

Trochlear - provide innervations for eye movements

Front 107

Specific Cranial Nerves

V

Back 107

Trigeminal- innervates muscles of mastication and the tensor veli palatini & communicates sensation from the face, mouth, teeth, mucosal lining and tongue.

Front 108

Specific Cranial Nerves

VI

Back 108

Abducens - provide innervations for eye movements

Front 109

Specific Cranial Nerves

VII

Back 109

Facial - innervates muscles of facial expression and the sensory component serves taste of the anterior two-thirds of tongue

Front 110

Specific Cranial Nerves

VIII

Back 110

Vestibulocochlear - mediates auditory and vestibular sensation

Front 111

Specific Cranial Nerves

IX

Back 111

Glossopharyngeal - serves the posterior tongue taste receptors as well as somatic sense from the tongue, fauces, pharynx, and Eustachian tube. The stylopharyngeus and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles receive motor innervations via this nerve.

Front 112

Specific Cranial Nerves

X

Back 112

Vagus- somatic sensation of pain, touch and temperature fromt eh region of the ear drum, pain sense from the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and other regions; motor innervation for the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Front 113

Specific Cranial Nerves

XI

Back 113

Accessory - Innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and collaborates with the Vagus nerve in activation of palatal, laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles.

Front 114

Specific Cranial Nerves

XII

Back 114

Hypoglossal - innervates the muscles of the tongue with the exception of the palatoglossus

Front 115

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is/is not the same as the vertebral column.
Spinal cord is made up of :
Vertebral column made up of :

Back 115

is not same as vertebral column

Long mass of neurons

Bone

Front 116

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the:

Back 116

the information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body.

the link between the brain and body

Front 117

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is composed of:

Back 117

aggregation fo many single nerve fibers formed into bundles of fibers (called tracts) with functional unity.

Front 118

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The tracts (bundles of fibers) in the spinal cord provide _______ between the ___ & ___, and each bundle has ______properties.

Back 118

provide communication between the brain and body

bundles have unique properties

Front 119

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The spinal cord can be viewed:

Back 119

in it's length (vertical anatomy) and in cross-section (transverse anatomy) -like rings on a tree

Front 120

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a ____ ____ of ____, consisting of _______.

Back 120

longitudinal mass of columns,
consisting of neurons

Front 121

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord

Gray portions of the spinal cord are:

Back 121

cell bodies within the spinal cord

Front 122

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord

White portions of spinal cord are:

Back 122

myelinated fibers of tracts that communicate information to and from the brain

Front 123

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
Spinal cord begins at the ___, and courses about ___cm through the ____ ____, of the vertebral column. The spinal cord is present down tho the level of the ____ ____ vertebrae.

Back 123

begins at the foramen magnum of skull
courses 46 cm
through vertebral canal of vertebral column
to 1st lumbar vertebrae

Front 124

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
Spinal cord is wrapped in ___ ___.
Attached to vertebral column laterally by __ __& firmly attached to coccyx by _____ _______.

Back 124

wrapped in meningeal linings, attached laterally to vertebral column by denticulate ligaments coccygeal ligament.

Front 125

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
____ pairs of spinal nerves (# unpaired)
arise at ______ intervals on spinal cord

Back 125

31 pairs

regular intervals

Front 126

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves are referred to in same manner as:

Back 126

vertebrae

Cervical, C_
ThoracicT_, Lumbar, L_
Sacral S_, Coccygeal

Front 127

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
There are _ pairs of cervical spinal nerves, __ pairs of thoracic nerves,
_ pairs of lumbar nerves, _ pairs of saccral nerves, _ pairs of coccygeal nerves

Back 127

8 pair Cervical Spinal NervesC1 - C8
12 pair Thoracic Nerves - T1-T12
5 pair - Lumbar L1-L5
5 pair - Saccral - S1-S5
1 pair Coccygeal nerves

Front 128

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
During embryonic development, the spinal cord is __ ___ ____, but as braind and body develop, the spinal cord moves ___ in the canal, so adult spinal nerves course ____ before exiting __ ___

Back 128

the same length as VC
up in canal
adult course down before exiting vertebral column

Front 129

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves have both sensory ___and motor ___components.
Sensory function is generally related to___ ___- upper nerves serve ____ ___& so forth,

Back 129

sensory - afferent
motor - efferent

segment level - upper nerves serve upper body, etc..

Front 130

Vertical Anatomy of Spinal Cord
plexus

Back 130

network of nerves that physically communicate with other nerves

Front 131

Transverse Anatomy
The simplest stimulus-response system of the nervous system - the most basic means the nervous system has of responding to its environment

Back 131

Reflex Arc

Front 132

Transverse Anatomy
Reflex arc works by:

Back 132

permitting rapid movements without participation of higher neural systems

Front 133

Transverse Anatomy
Because reflexes are executed at level of the spinal cord, they permit: very ____ but _____responses to stimuli - consequently most reflexes serve ____ functions (examples)

Back 133

very fast, but indiscriminate responses,
protective function
blink, cough, sneeze, etc...

Front 134

Transverse Anatomy
Upper Motor Neurons (UMN's)

Back 134

part of the CNS - efferent (motor) fibers descending from upper brain levels (axons pass through midbrain, brain stem, spinal cord to synapse with cell bodies of lower motor neurons)

Front 135

Transverse Anatomy
Upper Motor Neurons (UMN's)
bring commands from upper brain levels that:

Back 135

activate or inhibit muscle function by synapsing with LMN's (lower motor neurons).

Front 136

Transverse Anatomy
Lower Motor Neurons (LMN's)

Back 136

consist of dendrites and soma within the spinal cord as well as axon components that communicate with muscle fiber; part of PNS.

Front 137

Transverse Anatomy

Specialized junctions where Lower Motor Neurons communicate with muscle fibers:

Back 137

Motor Endplates

Front 138

Pathways of the Spinal Cord

Neurons are referred to as ___-order, ___-order, etc.. to indicate:

Back 138

first-order, second-order, etc.. to indicate their number in the chain

Front 139

Pathways of the Spinal Cord
The afferent neuron in a chain will be the _____ neuron, and the next neuron following synapse will be the ______., up to the ____ point in neural chain.

Back 139

first-order neuron,
second-order neuron
terminal point

Front 140

Pathways of the Spinal Cord
Efferent tracts, such as the corticospinal tract, transmit information:

Back 140

Efferent transmit from brain down to spinal nerves

Front 141

Pathways of the Spinal Cord
Afferent tracts, such as the spinothalamic tract, transmit information concerning_____ to ______.

Back 141

Afferent tracts - information concerning physical state of lower limbs up to higher brain centers.

Front 142

Pathways of the Spinal Cord
The corticospinal tract runs from the: ___ to ___ and innervates _____ ____

Back 142

runs from the cortex to the spine and innervates skeletal muscle

Front 143

Pathways of the Spinal Cord
The corticobulbular tract,although not a tract of the ____ cord is very important for speech - innervates many muscles of the ____, ___, ____, and ___, and serves ___ ___ nerves for speech.

Back 143

not tract of spinal cord,
innervates muscles of face, neck, pharynx, and larynx - serves motor cranial nerves for speech

Front 144

Neuron Function
synapse -

Back 144

union of open space between two neurons where communication occurs between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another

Front 145

Neuron Function
synaptic cleft

Back 145

tiny space between an axon and dendrite

Front 146

Neuron Function
Transmission of nerve impulses across synaptic cleft is a ____process involving:

Back 146

chemical process involving
ion exchange, sodium and potassium.

Front 147

Neuron Function
Briefly explain Transmission of nerve impulses:

Back 147

Neurotransmitter substance is released by axon and drifts across synaptic cleft where it excites the dendrite of a second neuron. The dendrite's excitationcauses change in its electric charge, causing the second neruon to fire, sending signal down its axon to excite dendrites of another neuron.

Front 148

Neuron Function
Neurotransmitters can cause either :

Back 148

excitation or inhibition of neurons.

Front 149

Neuron Function
Occurs when a single neuron takes input from thousands of other neurons to produce a single response. Mass of information is distilled into a single response.

Back 149

convergence

Front 150

Neuron Function
Occurs when a single neuron makes synapse with thousands of other neurons: single piece of information transmitted to many other neurons

Back 150

Divergence

Front 151

Neuron Function
Myelinated fibers conduct nerual impulses more rapidly than demylelinated fibers primarily because of:

Back 151

salutatory conduction - jumping

Front 152

Muscle Function
point where nerve and muscle communicate

Back 152

neuromuscular junction -

Front 153

Muscle Function
The basic unit of skeletal muscle control, consisting of the motor neuron, its axon and the muscle fibers it innervates

Back 153

motor unit

Front 154

Muscle Function
Two basic types of fibers - description

Back 154

1. slow twitch fibers - longer response time, remain contracted 5 times longer, involved in maintenance of posture
2. fast twitch fibers - shorter, faster movement, involved in fine & rapid motor function - tongue-tip movement

Front 155

Muscle Function
Muscle spindles provide feedback to the neuromotor system about muscle length, tension, motion and position.

Back 155

muscle length, tension, motion and position.

Front 156

Higher Functioning
lively debate concerning ____ __ ____ has been going on for well over 100 years. Briefly describe localizationists, equipotentiality, regional equipotentiality.

Back 156

localization of function within the brain,
localization - speech cont. happens only in specific local areas
equipotentiality - any function can be controlled by any area of brain
regional equipotentiality - regions of control

Front 157

Regions of brain functioning
Regions of primary activity

Back 157

primary sensory and motor regions including primary reception are for somatic sense, primary motor area, primary auditory cortex, primary region of visual reception.

Front 158

Regions of brain functioning
Higher area orders of processing -

Back 158

responsible for extracting features of the stimulus - located adjacent to primary regions

Front 159

Regions of brain functioning
Association Areas

Back 159

regions of highest cognitive processing where sensory information is integrated with memory

Front 160

Regions of brain functioning
Briefly describe how sensory information moves through the regions:

Back 160

Information is received from our senses at primary reception areas and we extract it and put it together with other information associated with the modality at higher-order areas of processing. This information is passed to association areas for the highest level of cognitive processing.

Front 161

Motor System Lesions
Damage to specific regions of the brain was used to infer:

Back 161

the area of the brain responsible for various functions of the brain.

Front 162

Motor System Lesions:
Dysarthria - ____ disorder
characterized by:
Caused by damage to :
Resulting in damage to:

Back 162

speech disorder - characterized by muscular weakness & reduction of motor control
motor strip -
Resulting in muscular weakness, lack of motor function on side of body opposite lesion.

Front 163

Motor System Lesions:

Flaccid Dysarthria

Back 163

characterized by flaccid paralysis - manifested as muscular weakness and hypotonia (lack of muscle tone)- caused by damage to Lower motor neurons- generally reflects damage to cranial nerves serving speech muscles

Front 164

Motor System Lesions:

Spastic Dysarthria

Back 164

characterized by spastic paralysis banifested as hyperrefleia - hair trigger reflexes - and hypertonia (too much muscle tone) caused by damage to upper motor neurons.

Front 165

Motor System Lesions:

Ataxic Dysarthria -

Back 165

characterized by loss of coordination, deficits in achieving an articulatory target and problems in coordinating rate, range and force of movement, caused by damage to cerebellum or brainstem vestibular nuclei or both.

Front 166

Motor System Lesions:

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria -

Back 166

characterized by extraneous involuntary movement of speech musculature in addition to movement produced voluntarily; articulators move with out voluntary muscular contraction and this is overlaid on the speech act; caused by damage to the extrapyramidal system.

Front 167

Motor System Lesions:

Hypokinetic Dysarthria -

Back 167

Characterized by paucity of movement (lack of movement) most often caused by Parkinson's disease - caused by damage to cells responsible for the production of dopamine, shortage of dopamine results in inhibited initiation of motor function, reduction of range of movement, rigidity, hand tremor

Front 168

Motor System Lesions:

Mixed Dysarthrias

Back 168

result from damage to more than one of the controlling systems

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Motor System Lesions:

Apraxia

Back 169

speech deficit of motor planning existing with no muscular weakness or paralysis. Caused by damage to parietal lobe and Broca's area.

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Aphasia

Back 170

language disorder

Front 171

Motor System Lesions:
Apraxia -

Back 171

like limb apraxia - can occur anywhere in body - limb has jerky movement

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Hemispheric Specialization

Left Cerebral Hemisphere governs:

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language, speech, detailed information and sequential processing, reading book, left to right, logic - 98% population

Front 173

Hemispheric Specialization

Right cerebral hemisphere governs

Back 173

Spatial, tonal information and holistic processing (viewing picture)

Front 174

Hemispheric Specialization

Lesions to Wernicke's Area in the dominant hemisphere:

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result in receptive language deficit with relatively intact language fluency - aphasia - language comprehension problem - talks fine, can't understand

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Hemispheric Specialization

Lesions to Broca's area in the dominant hemisphere:

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result in expressive language deficit - apraxia, trouble talking, expressing self, comprehension fine.

Front 176

Hemispheric Specialization

Lesions to Arcuate Fasciculus - connecting Broca & Wernicke's areas:

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results in conduction aphasia - characterized by inablity to repeat utterances heard adn by phoneme substitutions (literal paraphasias)
*Say what I say..".the dog is chasing the cat" , they say " the dog ate the bat"

Front 177

Hemispheric Specialization

Lesions to Broca's area, Wernicke's area & arcuate fasciculus

Back 177

results in global deficits - comprehension, expression, repetition

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Hemispheric Specialization

Lesions to right hemisphere:

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often results in deficits in pragmatics (socially appropriate) misinformation of information carried in speech intonation, loss of communication nuance.(very literal)

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Hemispheric Specialization:

Lesions to frontal lobe

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often result in impaired judgement and failure to inhibit responses

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Hemispheric Specialization

Lesions to Hippocampus

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results in deficits in short term memory

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Right Hemisphere characterized by:

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holistic perception - whole picture
higher math, geometry, calculus, person's face, governs certain aspects of music, melody - visio-spatial intelligence - sense of direction

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Left Hemisphere characterized by:

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sequential perception, left to right, reading a page, governs lower math skills, some aspects of music, in most people 98% governs Speech & Language, speech - motor act

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In 100% of right handed people speech and language are governed by

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the left hemisphere

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In 60% of left handed people speech and language are governed by,

1 1/2 -2% population S&L governed by:
remaining multi-lingual fractional percentage may control S&L in :

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the left hemisphere

right hemisphere

both hemispheres

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Children with damaged hemisphere of brain that must be removed can usually compensate by -

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some functions of S&H being taken over by right hemisphere - but not perfect functioning.

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Mediates themral sense, cheek

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V Trigeminal

Front 187

Mediates sense of smell

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I Olfactory

Front 188

Mediates sense of pain for teeth

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V Trigeminal

Front 189

Innervates genioglossus & geniohyoid as well as transverse, vertical, inferior longitudinal and superior longitudinal lingual muscles

Back 189

XII Hypoglosal

Front 190

Innervates masseter, temporalis, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

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V Trigeminal

Front 191

Innervates superior constrictor muscles

Back 191

IX Glossopharyngeal

Front 192

Mediates taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue

Back 192

VII facial

Front 193

Mediates taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue

Back 193

IX Glossopharyngeal

Front 194

Mediates sense of hearing

Back 194

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Front 195

Approximately how many neurons are in the humand body

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100,000,000,000

Front 196

The structure that is responsible for coordination

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Cerebellum

Front 197

A funcitonal dichotomy of the nervous system would include the subcategories of

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somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Front 198

A structural dichotomy of the nervous system would include the subcategories of

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central and peripheral nervous systems

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Involuntary visceral functions are governed by the

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autonomic nervous system

Front 200

Protective reactive responses such as goosebumps, sweating and pupil dilation are triggered by

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sympathetic nervous ssytem

Front 201

The type of cell that provides nutrients as well as a filter function is the

Back 201

glia

Front 202

The type of cell that is the functional building block o the nervous system is the

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neuron

Front 203

The typical site for reception of excitatory stimulation on a neuron is the

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dendrite

Front 204

Wich substance provides insulation for the axon, as well as a means of increasing rate of conduction of neural impulses?

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Myelin

Front 205

Also referred to as prosencephalon

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forebrain

Front 206

Also referred to as mesencephalon

Back 206

midbrain

Front 207

Also referred to as Rhombencephalon

Back 207

Hindbrain

Front 208

Landmarks of Cerebrum
# of Cerebral Hemispheres

Back 208

2

Front 209

Landmarks of Cerebrum
Separates L&R hemispheres. Within this landmark reside anterior ____ artery and its collatorals.

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Cerebral Longitudinal Fissure
w/in fissure - anterior cerebral artery

Front 210

Landmarks of Cerebrum
Surface of brain is ____, because early in development as brain ____ outstrips ____, the cerebral cortex ____ on itself. Result is greater ___, more neural horsepower.

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convoluted, brain grown outstrips skull growth, brain doubles on itself, greater surface area, more neural horsepower.

Front 211

Landmarks of Cerebrum

The convolutions (mountains)

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Gyri (sing. Gyrus)

Front 212

Landmarks of Cerebrum

_____, (_____) involding valleys, separate convolutions

Back 212

Sulci (Sing. Sulcus)

Front 213

Landmarks of Cerebrum

Deeper grooves, valleys

Back 213

Fissure

Front 214

Landmarks of Cerebrum
Number of Cerebral Lobes, Name them:

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6 Cerebral Lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Tempural, Insular, Limbic

Front 215

Landmarks of Cerebrum
_____ _____, (_____ _____) divides temporal love from frontal and anterior parietal lobes

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Sylvian Fissure (Lateral Sulcus)

Front 216

Landmarks of Cerebrum

_____ ______ (___ ___) separates frontal & parietal lobes entirely.

Back 216

Rolandic fissure - (central sulcus)

Front 217

Cerebrum Layers
Outer surface (bark), between _ &_mm thick, consists of __ cell layers.

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Cerebral Cortex
2-4mm thick, 6 cell layers

Front 218

Cerebrum Layers
Layers consist of 2 main cell types:
1. ___ large pyramid-shaped cells involved in motor function
2. smaller, star shaped, sensory & intercommunication cells

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Pyramidial

Non-pyramidial

Front 219

Cerebrum Layers
Layers varying __ based on function ___ connect local regions ___ cells connect distal region.

Back 219

varying densities based on function
Non-pyramidial cells - connect local regions

Pyramidial cells

Front 220

Circulation of CSF

Back 220

CSF - 125 mL, replenished every 7 hours, constant pressure changes with body position, life-threatening condition if pathway is blocked, circulation of CSF begins in R&L lateral ventricle then subarachnoid space, then around brain & spinal cord, then eventually absorbed by veinous system

Front 221

Spinal Meningial Linings

Back 221

protect the spinal cord from movement/trauma

Front 222

CSF is bathed in ___ which provides;

Back 222

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides cushion, nutrients, & waste removal

Front 223

Spaces in brain where CSF flows

Back 223

Ventricles

Front 224

System of ventricles consists of ___ cavities. List:

Back 224

System of Ventricles - 4 cavities
1. Right lateral ventricle
2. Left Lateral Ventricle
3. 3rd Ventricle
4. 4th Ventricle

Front 225

Within each ventricle is a ___ ___ an aggregate of tissue, which produces ___. Plexus of ____ produces most ___.

Back 225

Choroid Plexus, produces CSF
Plexuses of Lateral Ventricles produces most CSF.

Front 226

Menengial Linings
1. Dura Mater
- Epidural space

Back 226

most superficial meningial lining, bi-layered , tough lining
----
Space between 2 layers

Front 227

Menengial Linings
2. Arachnoid mater -

Back 227

spider-like structure which CSF flows through

Front 228

Menengial Linings
3. Pia Mater

Back 228

Thin membraneous covers contours of brain, contains arteries, & blood vessesls

Front 229

Anatomy of Cerebrum
Menengial Linings, __ layers
1 -3 list

Back 229

support brain, maintain in fluid suspension, 3 layers
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater

Front 230

Anatomy of Cerebrum
Dura Mater

Back 230

for brain protection takes on 4 major infoldings providing some isolation.

Divides brain sagitally and transversely

Front 231

Anatomy of Cerebrum
Cerebrum

Back 231

(brain) most hightly evolved & organized structure of human body.
- largest structure of nervous system 3lbs.
- billions of neurons
- 2 hemispheres - left & right
-wrapped by 3 menengial linings to protect & support brain

Front 232

Functional Differences between Neurons

Interneurons

Back 232

Largest class of neurons, never exit CNS

Front 233

Functional Differences between Neurons

Motor Neurons

Back 233

bipolar - efferent neurons - descending tract, activate muscular & glandular response

Front 234

Morphology of Glial Cells
Types of Glial Cells and Function

Astrocyte

Back 234

glial cell, separates neurons from each other, supplies nutrients to neurons, adheres to capillaries

Front 235

Morphology of Glial Cells
Types of Glial Cells and Function
Astrocyte provides important ___ ___ ___ which does what?

Back 235

blood brain barrier, keeps some toxins from reaching brain.

Front 236

Morphology of Glial Cells
Types of Glial Cells and Function

Oligodendrocytes

Back 236

braind and spinal cord Myelin for CNS

Front 237

Morphology of Glial Cells
Types of Glial Cells and Function

Schwann Cells

Back 237

PNS Myelin

Front 238

Morphology of Glial Cells
Types of Glial Cells and Function

Microglia

Back 238

perform house keeping process - known as phagocytosis

Front 239

4 Types of Glial Cells:
1-4

Back 239

1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Schwann cells
4. Microglial Cells

Front 240

Morphology of Glial Cells
____ ____ make up majority of brain. They provide energy & support to ____, but are not ______, themselves.

Back 240

Glial Cells,
Neurons,
not neurons themselves

Front 241

Morphology of Glial Cells
Sensory neurons are generally monopolar with excpetion of

Back 241

smell, hearing, vestibular (sense of balance) - these are bipolar

Front 242

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons

Monopolar Neuron (Unipolar)

Back 242

single, bifurcating process from soma (sensory)

Front 243

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons

Bipolar Neurons

Back 243

neuron with 2 processes arising from soma (vestibular)

Front 244

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons

Multi-polar Neurons

Back 244

neurons with more than 2 processes arising from soma.

Front 245

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons
Mitochondria

Back 245

Organelles in the terminal boutons responsible for energy generation and protein development

Front 246

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons
Grey Matter

Back 246

groups of cell bodies

Front 247

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons
White Matter

Back 247

Myelin coated cells- Myeline sheath

Front 248

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons
Synaptic Vessicles -
Location
Contain?

Back 248

Located at ends of terminal boutons,
Contain Neurotransmitters

Front 249

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons
Neurotransmitters

Back 249

activate nexxt neuron in chain released into synaptic cleft gap causing next neuron in chain to be activated

Front 250

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 250

the unmylinated areas between the segments of myelin

Front 251

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons

Telodedria

Back 251

Long, thin projections at end of the axon

Front 252

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons

Terminal Boutons

Back 252

End buttons on telodendria

Front 253

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons
A neuron typically has 1 ___ but may have many _____, known as the __ __.

Back 253

1 axon, many dendrites, dendritic tree

Front 254

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons
The junction between the axon and the soma

Back 254

axon hillock

Front 255

Morphological Differences B/T Neurons

myeline sheath

Back 255

white fatty wrapping covers axons, speeds up nerual conduction

destroyed by MS, ALS

Front 256

Neurons

Neurons respond to stimulation, response is mechanism to send:

Back 256

information through the nervous system

Front 257

Neuron can have 1 of 2 reactions
1. Excitation
2. Inhibition

Back 257

1. increase in neuron's activity - active output

2. reduction in neurons activity - cessation of stimulation

Front 258

Neurons
All structures in the nervous system are made up of _______ (____ _____).

Back 258

Neurons, nerve cells

Front 259

Neurons
Neurons are unique ____ tissue, their function is to __ ___.

Back 259

communicating tissue, function to transmit information

Front 260

Neurons
The Nervous System is comprised of _ neurons & _ tissue (_ cells.)

Back 260

communicative neurons & support tissue ( glial cells)

Front 261

Neurons
Structure of most neurons is:

Back 261

Soma - cell body
Dendrite - carries info. to cell body
Axon - carries ino. away from cell body

Front 262

Developmental divisions of the Nervous system:
By the ___ week of ___ development the brain or ___ is composed of 1, 2, 3

Back 262

4th week of embryonic development
brain/encaphalon is composed of the:
prosencephalon -forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephelon - hindbrain

Front 263

Developmental divisions of the Nervous system:
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny -

Back 263

Earliest structures (brain stem) emerge 1st then more advanced structures (cerebral cortex)

Front 264

Divisions of the Nervous System
1-3

Back 264

1. Anatomical Divisions
2. Functional Divisions
3. Developmental Divisions

Front 265

Anatomical Division of Nervous System
1. CNS - Central Nervous System
2. PNS- Peripheral Nervous System

Back 265

1. brain, spinal cord - all housed within bone (skull or vertebral column)
2. cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory receptors most are outside bone.

Front 266

Functional Divisions of Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
2 subgroups

Back 266

Involuntary bodily functions - heart, digestive
2 subgroups -
Sympathetic NS- expends energy
Parasympathetic NS - conserves energy

Front 267

Functioal Divisions of Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
2 subgroups

Back 267

Voluntary bodily functions including skeletal (somatic) muscles
Motor component consists of
1. pyramidal system - initiates motor acts
2. Extrapyramidial system - background support

Front 268

The ___ governs voluntary actions

Back 268

Cerebrum

Front 269

The ____ is responsible for coordinating movement

Back 269

Cerebellum

Front 270

Proprioception

Back 270

the sense of muscle and joint position.

Front 271

Ganglia

Back 271

groups of cell bodies in the PNS with functional unity

Front 272

_____sense is the sense of the body in motion

Back 272

Kinesthetic sense

Front 273

Special senses include

Back 273

Olfaction, Vision, Gustation, and Audition

Front 274

The CNS includes the

Back 274

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Subcortical structures, brainstem & spinal cord

Front 275

The PNS consists of

Back 275

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves as well as the sensory receptors

Front 276

The Autonomic Nervous System

Back 276

governs involuntary activities of involuntary muscles

Front 277

The Somatic Nervous System

Back 277

governs voluntary activities

Front 278

Information directed toward the brain is termed

Back 278

Afferent

Front 279

Information directed away from the brain is termed

Back 279

Efferent

Front 280

Action potential

Back 280

the change in electrical potential that occurs when a cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between the intra and extracellular spaces.

Front 281

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 281

of the axon myelin promote saltatory conduction

Front 282

Higher ognitive processing occurs generally in

Back 282

Association Areas