Speech Final

Front 1

strategic organization

Back 1

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

Front 2

main points

Back 2

the major points developed in the body of a speech. most speeches contain two to five of these

Front 3

spatial order

Back 3

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

Front 4

casual order

Back 4

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause and effect relationship

Front 5

problem-solution order

Back 5

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Front 6

topical order

Back 6

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Front 7

supporting material

Back 7

the material used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of these are examples, statistics, and testimony

Front 8

connective

Back 8

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

Front 9

transition

Back 9

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

Front 10

internal preview

Back 10

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

Front 11

internal summary

Back 11

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

Front 12

signpost

Back 12

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Front 13

rhetorical question

Back 13

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

Front 14

credibility

Back 14

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Front 15

goodwill

Back 15

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

Front 16

preview statement

Back 16

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

Front 17

crescendo ending

Back 17

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

Front 18

dissolve ending

Back 18

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

Front 19

preparation outline

Back 19

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose central idea introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

Front 20

visual framework

Back 20

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.

Front 21

bibliography

Back 21

a lost of all the sources used in preparing a speech

Front 22

extemporaneous speech

Back 22

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Front 23

conversational quality

Back 23

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

Front 24

volume

Back 24

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

Front 25

pitch

Back 25

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

Front 26

inflections

Back 26

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

Front 27

monotone

Back 27

a constant [itch or tone of voice

Front 28

rate

Back 28

the speed at which a person speaks

Front 29

pause

Back 29

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

Front 30

vocalized pause

Back 30

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" "er" and "um"

Front 31

vocal variety

Back 31

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch and volume that gives the voice variety and expressiveness

Front 32

pronunciation

Back 32

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

Front 33

articulation

Back 33

the physical production of particular speech sounds

Front 34

dialect

Back 34

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

Front 35

kinesics

Back 35

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

Front 36

gestures

Back 36

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

Front 37

eye contact

Back 37

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

Front 38

graph

Back 38

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

Front 39

pie graph

Back 39

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Front 40

bar graph

Back 40

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Front 41

chart

Back 41

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

Front 42

font

Back 42

a complete set of type of the same design

Front 43

informative speech

Back 43

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Front 44

object

Back 44

anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

Front 45

process

Back 45

a systemic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product

Front 46

event

Back 46

anything that happens or is regarded as happening

Front 47

concept

Back 47

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

Front 48

description

Back 48

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

Front 49

comparison

Back 49

a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Front 50

personalize

Back 50

a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Front 51

persuasion

Back 51

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Front 52

mental dialogue with the audience

Back 52

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Front 53

target audience

Back 53

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Front 54

question of fact

Back 54

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Front 55

question of value

Back 55

a question about the worth, rightness morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Front 56

question of policy

Back 56

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Front 57

speech to gain passive agreement

Back 57

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Front 58

speech to gain immediate action

Back 58

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Front 59

need

Back 59

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy

Front 60

burden of proof

Back 60

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

Front 61

plan

Back 61

the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with the current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem

Front 62

practicality

Back 62

the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems

Front 63

problem-solution order

Back 63

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Front 64

problem-cause-solution order

Back 64

a method or organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main points presents a solution to the problem

Front 65

comparative advantages order

Back 65

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

Front 66

Monroe's motivated sequence

Back 66

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

Front 67

ethos

Back 67

the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

Front 68

initial credibility

Back 68

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

Front 69

derived credibility

Back 69

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

Front 70

terminal credibility

Back 70

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Front 71

creating common ground

Back 71

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, atitudes, or experiences of the audience

Front 72

evidence

Back 72

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

Front 73

logos

Back 73

the name used by aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

Front 74

reasoning

Back 74

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Front 75

reasoning from specific instances

Back 75

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

Front 76

reasoning from principle

Back 76

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Front 77

casual reasoning

Back 77

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Front 78

analogical reasoning

Back 78

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Front 79

fallacy

Back 79

an error in reasoning

Front 80

hasty generalization

Back 80

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basic of insufficient evidence

Front 81

false cause

Back 81

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

Front 82

invalid analogy

Back 82

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Front 83

bandwagon

Back 83

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Front 84

red herring

Back 84

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Front 85

ad hominem

Back 85

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real dispute

Front 86

either-or

Back 86

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Front 87

slippery slope

Back 87

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Front 88

appeal to tradition

Back 88

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Front 89

appeal to novelty

Back 89

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Front 90

pathos

Back 90

the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal