Speech Exam 3

Front 1

Agenda Setting

Back 1

A speaker indicates that this is the issue and all are unimportant and insignificant.

Front 2

Anecdotal evidence

Back 2

The use of "anecdotes," personal stories, for evidence.
Inadequate for two reasons.
1) too few observations. over-generalizations on the basis of too little evidence.
2) potential for bias based on attitudes or beliefs.

Front 3

Appeal to tradition

Back 3

Claiming that something is wrong or that some change should not be made because it has never been done before.

Front 4

Bandwagon

Back 4

An appeal ad populum (appeal to the people). Persuade because it is what everyone else is doing.

Front 5

Card stacking

Back 5

The speaker selects evidence only the evidence and arguments that support his or her case and may even falsify evidence or distort facts to better fit the case.

Front 6

Character

Back 6

A major factor in credibility, you need to be perceived as honest and as someone who the audience can trust.

Front 7

Character attacks

Back 7

Often referred to as ad hominem attacks, involve accussing another person of some serious wrongdoing or of some serious character flaw. The purpose is to discredit the person or to divert attention from the issue under discussion.

Front 8

Charisma

Back 8

A combination of your personality and dynamism as seen by the audience. Helps establish credibility.

Front 9

Competence

Back 9

Knowledge and expertise. A factor in credibility.

Front 10

Credibility

Back 10

The degree to which your audience sees you as believable spokesperson.

Front 11

Door-in-the-face technique 415

Back 11

Making a large request, expecting it to be refused and then following this up with a more moderate request.

Front 12

Emotional appeals 418

Back 12

Appeals to feelings, needs, desires, and wants.

Front 13

Foot-in-the-door technique 413

Back 13

Requesting something small, something that your audience will easily agree to. Once they agree to this small request, you then make your real request.

Front 14

Glittering generality 425

Back 14

The speaker tries to make listeners accept some idea by associating it with things they value highly. The goal is to lead listeners to ignore the evidence and simply approve of the idea.

Front 15

Hierarchy of needs 418

Back 15

Abraham Maslow's fivefold way to analyze motives. The theory proposes that you seek to fulfill the needs at the lowest level first and that only when those needs are satisfied do the needs at the next level begin to exert influence on your behavior.

Front 16

Identification 415

Back 16

Showing commonalities between the speaker and the audience.

Front 17

Logic 416

Back 17

The use of sensible arguments. When used as a form of argumentation this is the most persuasive as listeners are more likely to remain persuaded over time and are more likely to resist counter-arguments.

Front 18

Name calling 425

Back 18

Also known as "poisoning the well," this tactic tries to get listeners to condemn the idea without analyzing the argument and evidence due to the speaker's association of the opposing group, individual, or philosophy with something bad.

Front 19

Personal interest 424

Back 19

Disqualifying someone for one of two reasons.
1) a lack of personal investment or firsthand knowledge.
2) the potential of self-interest for self-benefit

Front 20

Persuasion 410

Back 20

The process of influencing another person's attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behaviors.

Front 21

Plain folks 418

Back 21

The speaker identifies himself or herself with the audience and this status makes him "good."

Front 22

Questions of fact 426

Back 22

Concern what is or is not true, what does or does not exist, what did or did not happen.

Front 23

Questions of policy 433

Back 23

Concern what should be don, what procedures should be adopted, what laws should be changed, etc.

Front 24

Questions of value 431

Back 24

Concern what people consider good or bad, moral or immoral, just or unjust.

Front 25

Reasoning from causes and effects 416

Back 25

Beginning with an observed starting point and reaching an unobserved end, or, beginning with an observed end and reaching an unobserved starting point.

Front 26

Reasoning from sign 417

Back 26

Drawing a conclusion on the basis of the presence of signals because they frequently occur together. Ex. Medical diagnosis.

Front 27

Reasoning from specific instances 416

Back 27

The use of induction to take knowledge of a few examples to make a generalization about the whole from which the examples come.

Front 28

Straw man 417

Back 28

An argument that's set up merely to be knocked down. Creating an easy-to-destroy oversimplification or distortion of the opposing position.

Front 29

Testimonial 417

Back 29

Using the image associated with some person to gain your approval or your rejection.

Front 30

Thin entering wedge 418

Back 30

A speaker argues against a position on the grounds that is will open the floodgates to all sorts of catastrophes.

Front 31

Transfer

Back 31

The speaker associates his or her idea with something you respect or with something you detest.