Speech Exam #2

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monroe's motivation theory

Back 1

pattern that folows the human process of thinking
-think to persuade

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argument

Back 2

articulating a position with support of evidence and reason
-our willingness to argue and support, our point of view

Front 3

monroe's motivation theory

Back 3

pattern that folows the human process of thinking
-think to persuade

Front 4

argument

Back 4

articulating a position with support of evidence and reason
-our willingness to argue and support, our point of view
-has a lot of neg. connotations, think about it more positively

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persuasion

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-our goal is to persuade ethically, not just to win
-ethical persuasion is an ideal
-the goal is to reach the desired ends through an honest means

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Aristotle says:

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called persuasion rhetoric "the art"

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3 appeals

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logos-logic
ethos- ethics, character, credibility of rhetor (speaker)
pathos-emotional states of audience (very important to persuasive)

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the public sphere

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social spaces (public house-pubs) people came to debate ideas and make decisions no matter who had the best idea

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we've all learned to communicate strategically- in ways we try to get what we want

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habernaas argues that this pollutes our ability to communicate

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communicative action

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make them understand, it's not about winning, create understanding

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think of persuasion in terms of "the force":

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dark side- quick and dirty, shadow of persuasion, tears people down, short term, unstable, tell people what they want to hear
ex) car salesman, politics (trickery)

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Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

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theory that we process persuasion in different ways depending on motivation and ability
-process things quicker or centrally

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central

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based on facts, figures, evidence

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critical evaluation and central processing

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long term; we can see tricky situations

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USE THE GOOD SIDE OF THE FORCE

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tell the truth, focus on building new relationships and understanding; when we win people over it's forever
ex) volvo customers are super loyal

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arguements must have choice

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whether to accept something or not accept

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PERSUASION

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symbolic non-coersive influence
non-coersive means not forced

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3 agents checklist for responsible

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context-climate
agent-persuader
receiver-audience

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context

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three conditions-
1. all sides should have = oppurtunity to persuade
-all sides should have opportunity to communicate with media-people who have more $$$ get more access ex)politics
2. complete revelation of agendas
-let audience know what goals are and complete revelation of agendas

3. critical receivers-receivers who can test the claims and assertions available

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AGENT

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speaker

1. responsible agent takes responsibility for what is said and deals with the consequences
ex) how many "shit tickets" do you get
-we are responsible for what comes out of our mouths, take it seriously

2. fosters informed choice: we have to give the audience the different sides and all info thats available
-giving the audience choice, tell them ours is better!
3. appeals to the best in people, not the worst!
-be careful with fear appeals
ex) healthcare issues

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RECEIVER

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as critical as sender

1. aware of attempts to influence
-be alert and critical, be aware of motives around us, can't ever stop thinking

2. stay informed about important topics
- we're ready when persuasive topics hit us

3. responsible receivers know their own biases
-selective listening, dismissing a message (giving blood, some people cant)

4. aware of methods of persuasion

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style

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specific word choices

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RECEIVER

Back 23

as critical as sender

1. aware of attempts to influence
-be alert and critical, be aware of motives around us, can't ever stop thinking

2. stay informed about important topics
- we're ready when persuasive topics hit us

3. responsible receivers know their own biases
-selective listening, dismissing a message (giving blood, some people cant)

4. aware of methods of persuasion

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style

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specific word choices and rhetorical devices speakers use to express their ideas- can make speech colorful and convincing, or bland and boring

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rhetorical devices

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techniques of language

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jargon

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the specialized language of a given profession

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use personal pronouns

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we, us, i, and your draw the audience into the message

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biased language

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language that relies on unfounded assumptions;native descriptions; or stereotypes of a given group's age, class, gender, disability, and geographic, ethnic, racial, or religious characteristics.

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colloquial expression or idiom

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sayings specific to a certain region or group of people; can add color and richness to a speech, but only if our listeners understand them

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abstract language

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language that is general or non-specific, leaving meaning open to interpretation-unless that is your intent

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figures of speech

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expressions, such as metaphors,similes, analogies, and hyperbole, in which words are used in a nonliteral fashion to achieve a rhetorical effect

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simile

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comparison using like or as

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metaphor

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compares two things but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other

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analogy

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an extended metaphor or simile that clarifies an unfamiliar concept by comparing it to a more familiar one

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slander

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defamatory speech; steer clear

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malapropism

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the inadvertent, incorrect use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it ("it's a strange receptacle" for "it's a strange spectacle")
AVOID THIS

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voice

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the feature of verbs that indicates the subjects relationship to the action

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active voice

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when the subject performs the action; speaking in the active voice will make your statements clear and assertive instead of indirect and weak

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passive voice

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when the subject performs the action;
"a test was announced" instead of "she announced the test"-active

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anaphora

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one form of repetition, the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences
ex) "i have a dream..."

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alliteration

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the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables-when used well can drive home themes and leave listeners with a lasting impression. if not used well can distract from the message

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parallelism

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the arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form.
can be used by:
-orally numbering points ("first, second third...")

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antithesis

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setting off two strongly contrasting ideas in balanced opposition

-part of parallelism

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antithesis

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setting off two strongly contrasting ideas in balanced opposition

-part of parallelism

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persuasive speech

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goal is to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, and the acts of others

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logos

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appeals to reason and logic; critical when an audience needs to make an important decision or reach a conclusion regarding a complicated issue

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arguments

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stated positions, with support for or against an idea or issue

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pathos

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feelings such as pride, love,, anger, shame, and fear underlie many of our emotions and motivate us to think and feel as we do-you must convince your listeners to CARE about your argument by appealing to their emotions

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ethos

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moral character, audiences want more than information, arguements, and appeals to their emotions, they want what's relevant to them from someone who cares. modern day scholars call this SPEAKER CREDIBILITY

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abraham maslow's hierarchy of needs

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each of us has a set of basic needs ranging from essential, life-sustaining ones to less critical, self-improvement ones-our lower level needs must be fulfilled before higher level ones

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central processing

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when audience members are motivated and able to think critically about a message; these listeners seriously consider what your message means to them and are the ones who are most likely to act on it

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peripheral processing

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when listeners lack the motivation (or the abilitiy) to judge the argument based on its merits; they pay little attention and respond to the message as being irrelevant, too complex to follow, or just plain unimportant

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claim

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also called a proposition- states the speakers conclusion, based on the evidence

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evidence

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substantiates the claim

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reasoning

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also called warrants- links the claim to the evidence

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claims of fact

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focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen

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claims of value

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addresses issues of judgement by attempting to show that something is right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy
ex) "is assisted suicide ethical?"

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claims of policy

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recommended that a specific course of action must be taken or approved of. often use word SHOULD and involve claims of fact and value as well
ex) "full-time students who commute to campus should be granted reduced parking fees"

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evidence

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every key claim must be supported with convincing evidence, supporting material that provides ground for beleif

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core values

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audience members of the same culture share core values, such as self-reliance and individual achievement and interdependence and group harmony

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cultural norms

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a groups rules for behavior. attempts to persuade listeners to think or do things contrary to important norms will usually fail

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cultural premises

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listeners sharing a common culture usually hold culturally specific values about identity and relationships

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logical fallacy

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either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning

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begging the question

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an arguement that is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, even though no evidence has been presented
"war kills"

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bandwagoning

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an argument that uses (unsubstantiated) general opinion as its (false) bias.
"Nikes are superior to other brands of shoes because everyone wears nike"

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either-or fallacy

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an argument stated in terms of two alternatives only, even though there may be additional alternatives
"either you're with us, or you're not."

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Ad hominem argument

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an argument that targets a person instead of the issue at hand in an attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person.
"how can you accept my opponents position, he has been divorced?"

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red herring

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an argument that relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion

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hasty generalization

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an argument in which an isolated instance is used to make an unwarranted general conclusion.
"my neighbor who works for kmart is untrustworty, therefore, kmart is untrustworthy"

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non sequitur ("does not follow")

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an argument in which the conclusion is not connected to the reasoning.
"because she lives in the richest country in the world, she must be extremely wealthy"

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slippery slope

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a faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions.
"helping refugees in the sudan today will force us to help refugees across Africa and around the world"

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appeal to tradition

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an argument suggesting that audience members should agree with a claim because that is the way it has always been done
"a marriage should be a man and woman because that is how it has always been done"

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problem-solution pattern

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a commonly used design for persuasive speeches, especially those based on claims of policy. Here you organize speech points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and then provide justification for a proposed solution

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problem-cause-solution

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a pattern used when speeches require more than two points to adequately explain the problem and to substantiate the recommended solution

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monroe's motivated sequence

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a five-step process that begins with arousing listeners attention and ends with calling for action. particularly effective when you want the audience to do something (buy a product, donate money, etc) or to reconsider present way of thinking
1. attention
2. need
3. satisfaction
4. visualization
5. action

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comparative advantage pattern

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pattern used when your audience is already aware of an issue or problem that needs a solution. speech points are organized to show how your viewpoint or proposal is superior to one or more alternatives. identify alternatives to maintain credibility

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refutation organizational pattern

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pattern used when you feel confident that the opposing argument is vulnerable. each main point addresses and then refutes an opposing claim to your position. important to refute strong rather than weak objections, refuting weak objections wont sway the audience opinions

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special occasion speech

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one that is prepared for a specific occasion and for a purpose dictated by that occasion-can be either informative or persuasive or even a mix of both.
main goal: entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire or set a social agenda

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speech of introduction

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object is to prepare or "warm up" the audience for the main speaker-to heighten audience interest and build the speakers credibility

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speech of acceptance

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made in response to receiving an award. its purpose is to express gratitude for the honor bestowed on the speaker-speech should reflect gratitude

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speech of presentation

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the goal is twofold: to communicate the meaning of the award and to explain why the recipient is receiving it

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roast

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a humorous tribute to a person, one in which a series of speakers jokingly poke fun at him or her

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toast

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brief tribute to a person or an event being celebrated

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eulogy

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derives from the greek word meaning "to praise". those delivering eulogies, usually close friends or family members of the deceased, are charged with celebrating and commemorating the life of someone while consoling those who have been left behind.

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after-dinner speech

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speech can occur before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of business, professional, or civic meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner. Expected to be light-hearted and entertaining.

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canned

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a speech that the speaker uses again and again in different settings

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speech of inspiration

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seeks to motivate listeners to positively consider, reflect on, and sometimes act on the speaker's words. Effective speeches touch on deep feelings in the audience, through emotional force, they urge us toward purer motives and harder effort remind us of a common good