Speech Exam 2

Front 1

Nonverbal Defined

Back 1

all behaviors other than spoken words that communicate messages and create shared meaning between people

Front 2

Kinesics

Back 2

body movement

Front 3

delivery gestures

Back 3

signal shared understanding between the communicators
eg. Nodding

Front 4

citing gestures

Back 4

gestures that acknowledge another's feedback in a conversation

Front 5

seeking gestures

Back 5

request agreement or clarification from a sender during a conversation

Front 6

turn gestures

Back 6

indicate that another person can speak or that are used to request to speak in a conversation

Front 7

body artifacts

Back 7

items we wear that are part of our physical appearance that have to potential to communicate

Front 8

matching hypothesis

Back 8

we hangout/date people that are about the same attractiveness as us

Front 9

principles of nonverbal communication

Back 9

-often ambiguous
-regulates conversation
-more believable that verbal communication
-may conflict with verbal communication
-has fewer rules than verbal
-uses multiple channels

Front 10

visual auditory codes

Back 10

-kinesics
-body orientation
-physical appearance
-facial communication
-para language (voice)

Front 11

vocal qualities

Back 11

pitch, rate, volume, inflection, tempo, and pronunciation

Front 12

vocal distractors

Back 12

the "ums" and "ers" used in a conversation

Front 13

Contact Codes

Back 13

-touch (haptics)
-space (proxemics)

Front 14

Hall's Four Types of Personal Distance

Back 14

-intimate distance (0-1.5ft)
-personal distance (1.5-4ft)
-social distance (4-12ft)
-public distance (12ft+)

Front 15

Expectancy Violations Theory

Back 15

we expect other people to maintain a certain distance from us in their conversations

Front 16

Place and time Codes

Back 16

-physical environment
-chronemics (time)

Front 17

Interaction Adaptation Theory

Back 17

individuals simultaneously adapt their communication behavior to the communicate behavior of others

Front 18

Equilibrium Theory

Back 18

intimacy and distance co-vary in the same direction, meaning the greater the intimacy the closer the distance

Front 19

influences on nonverbal

Back 19

-gender
-color
-culture
-clothing and body
-physical environment
-time
-scent
-space decoration

Front 20

Verbal Communication Defined

Back 20

an exchange of spoken language with others during an interaction

Front 21

language

Back 21

a system comprised of vocabulary and rules of grammar that allows us to engage in verbal communication

Front 22

verbal symbols

Back 22

words, or the vocabulary that make up a language

Front 23

grammar

Back 23

the rules that dictate the structure of language

Front 24

encoding

Back 24

process of putting thoughts and feelings into verbal symbols, nonverbal messages, or both

Front 25

decoding

Back 25

process of developing a thought based on hearing verbal symbols, observing nonverbal messages, or both

Front 26

Characteristics of Verbal Symbols

Back 26

-symbolic
-evolves
-powerful
-may be connotative or denotative
-vary in level of abstaction
-

Front 27

denotative

Back 27

dictionary, literal meaning

Front 28

connotative

Back 28

meaning of a verbal symbol that is derived from our personal and subjective experience with that symbol
-varies from person to person

Front 29

referent

Back 29

the thing a verbal symbol represents

Front 30

factors affecting verbal symbols

Back 30

-culture
-generation
-sex and gender
-context

Front 31

strategic ambiguity

Back 31

leaving out cues in a message on purpose to encourage multiple interpretations by others

Front 32

equivocation

Back 32

a type of ambiguity that involves choosing our words carefully to give a listener a false impression without actually lying

Front 33

euphemism

Back 33

milder or less direct words substituted for other words that are more blunt or negative

Front 34

cooperative communication

Back 34

produce messages that others cane easily and fully understand, take active ownership for what you are saying, and makes others feel included

Front 35

static evaluation

Back 35

tendency to speak and respond to someone today the same way we did in the past

Front 36

polarization

Back 36

the tendency to use "either-or" language and speak of the world in extremes

Front 37

reification

Back 37

tendency to respond to words, or labels for things, rather than the things themselves

Front 38

lexical gaps

Back 38

experiences that are not named in language

Front 39

indexing

Back 39

avoiding generalizations by acknowledging the time frame in which we judge others and ourselves

Front 40

codability

Back 40

ease with which a language can express a thought

Front 41

code switching

Back 41

shifting back and forth between languages in the same concersation

Front 42

speech community

Back 42

a group of people who share norms about how we speak, what words to use, and when, where, and why to speak

Front 43

symbolic interactionism theory

Back 43

the theory that our understanding of ourselves and the world is shaped by our interactions with those around us

Front 44

linguistic determinism

Back 44

a theory that argues that our language to perceive and think about things. If we don;t have a word for something in our language, this theory predicts we won't think about or notice it

Front 45

linguistic relativity

Back 45

a theory that states that language influences our thinking but doesn't determine it.

Front 46

phatic communication

Back 46

consists of words and phrases that are used for interpersonal contact only and are not meant to be translated verbatim

Front 47

hearing

Back 47

physical process of letting in audible stimuli without focusing on the stimuli

Front 48

working memory theory

Back 48

a theory that states that we can pay attention to several stimuli for future reference

Front 49

listening

Back 49

the dynamic transactional process of receiving, recalling, rating, and responding to stimuli, messages, or both

Front 50

Process of Listening

Back 50

-receiving/selecting
-attending
-understanding
-rating
-remembering/recalling
-responding

Front 51

discriminatory listening

Back 51

discriminating between stimuli

Front 52

appreciative listening

Back 52

listening for pure pleasure

Front 53

comprehensive listening

Back 53

receive and remember new info

Front 54

evaluative listening

Back 54

making judgments

Front 55

empathetic

Back 55

listening to help

Front 56

styles of listening

Back 56

-people centered
-action-centered
-content-centered
-time-centered

Front 57

barriers to listening

Back 57

-noise
-thought speed differential
-prejudging messages
-filtering messages
-focusing on language or delivery
-oversaturation of stimuli
-message complexity
-lack of training
-personality traits

Front 58

MacIntosh's Definition of Privilege

Back 58

a favored state, whether earned or conferred by luck or birth

Front 59

chunking

Back 59

placing pieces of information into manageable and retrievable sets

Front 60

rating

Back 60

evaluating or assessing a message

Front 61

conversational narcissism

Back 61

engaging in an extreme amount of self-focusing during a conversation, to the exclusion of another person

Front 62

listening gap

Back 62

time difference between our mental ability to interpret words and the speed at which they arrive at our brai

Front 63

selective listening

Back 63

responding to some parts of a message and rejecting others

Front 64

gap fillers

Back 64

listeners who think they can correctly guess the rest of the story a speaker is telling and don't need the speaker to continue

Front 65

defensive listening

Back 65

viewing innocent comments as personal attacks or hostile criticisms

Front 66

ambushing

Back 66

listening carefully to a message and then using the information later to attack the sender

Front 67

dialogue enhancers

Back 67

supporting statements such as "i see" or "i'm listening," that indicate we are involved