Speech Disorders

Front 1

Dysarthria

Back 1

Unclear pronunciation. Results from neuromotor damage to the P or CNS.

Front 2

Apraxia of speech

Back 2

Inability to sequence the motor commands

Front 3

Flaccid dysarthria

Back 3

Muscle weakness - imprecise consonants, breathiness, hypernasality and abnormal prosody (melody, intonation)

Caused by damage to the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and the neuromuscular junction.

Front 4

Spastic dysarthria

Back 4

Harsh or strained-strangled phonation, imprecise consonants, hypernasality and abnormal prosody.

Caused by bilateral damage to the upper neurons of the pyramid and extrapyramidal systems.

Front 5

Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria

Back 5

Imprecise consonants. May be irregular sound breakdowns or harsh vocal quality.

Front 6

Hypokinetic dysarthria

Back 6

(Parkinsons) Harsh or breathy phonation, imprecise consonants and abnormal prosody. In some patients, increased rate of speech. Voice tremors

Caused by a reduction of dopamine in part of the basal ganglia.

Front 7

Ataxic dysarthria

Back 7

'Drunk' quality. Problems controlling the timing and force of speech movements. Imprecise consonants, distorted vowels, irregular articulatory breakdowns and abnormal prosody.

Caused by damage to the cerebellum or the nerual tracts that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS.

Front 8

Hyperkinetic

Back 8

Involuntary movements that inverfere with normal speech production. Unexpected inhalations and exhalations, irregular articulatory breakdowns and abnormal prosody.

Sometimes damage to the basal ganglia, but sometimes unknown

Front 9

Mixed dysarthria

Back 9

Caused by neurological damage that extends to more than one portion of the motor system.

Any combination of the six pure dystarthrias. For example, a patient with parkinsonism could have a brainstem stroke that might result in hypokinetic-spastic mixed dysarthria.
MS often mixed ataxic-spastic dysarthria.

Front 10

The 5 components of speech

Back 10

Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
Articulation
Prosody

Front 11

Salient features of neuromuscular study

Back 11

Muscle strength
Muscle tone
Accuracy
Range of motion
Speed
Steadiness

Front 12

Sign of a progressive neurological disorder

Back 12

Slow development of the problem

Front 13

Sign of an acute condition Eg. stroke

Back 13

Rapid onset of the problem

Front 14

Alternate motion rate

Back 14

Ability to move the articulators rapidly yet smoothly in a repetitive motion

Front 15

Sequential motion rate

Back 15

Ability to move the articulators in a rapid, smooth sequence of motions (eg. three sounds together)

Front 16

Stridor

Back 16

noisy breathing in general, and to refer specifically to a high-pitched crowing sound associated with croup, respiratory infection, and airway obstruction.

Front 17

Two basic methods of evaluating motor speech disorders

Back 17

Instrumental and perceptual