Speech Acts And Conversation

Front 1

Types of Speech Acts

Back 1

Representatives, Commissives, Directives, Declarations, Expressives, Verdictives

Front 2

Representatives

Back 2

Represent a state of affairs.
Can be generally be characterized as true or false.

Front 3

Commissives

Back 3

Commit a speaker to a course of action.
Promises, pledges, threats, vows.

Front 4

Directives

Back 4

Intended to get the addressee to carry out an action.
Commands, requests, challenges, invitations, entreaties, dares.

Front 5

Declarations

Back 5

Bring about the state of affairs they name.
Blessings, hirings, firings...

Front 6

Expressives

Back 6

Indicate speaker's psychological state or attitude.
Greetings, apologies, congratulations.

Front 7

Verdictives

Back 7

Make assessments or judgments.
Assessing, appraising, condoning

Front 8

Locution

Back 8

Grammatical structure and linguistic meaning of an utterance

Front 9

Illocution

Back 9

Speakers intention in making an utterance, and intended accomplishment

Front 10

Perlocution

Back 10

Effect of the act on the hearer.

Front 11

Appropriateness Conditions

Back 11

Conventions that regulate the interpretation under which an utterance serves as a particular speech act, such as a question, promise, or invitation.

Front 12

Speech Act

Back 12

An action carried out through language, such as promising, lying, and greeting.

Front 13

Maxim of Quantity

Back 13

Speakers are expected to give as much info as is necessary for their interlocutors to understand their utterances, but give no more info than is necessary.

Front 14

Maxim of Relevance

Back 14

Speakers organize their utterances in such a way that they are relevant to the ongoing context.

Front 15

Maxim of Manner

Back 15

People follow a set of miscellaneous rules. "Be orderly and clear"

Front 16

Maxim of Quality

Back 16

"Be truthful". Speakers are expected to say only what they believe to be true and to have evidence for what they say.

Front 17

Cooperative Principle

Back 17

Four maxims that describe how language users cooperate in producing and understanding utterances in contest: quantity, quality, relevance, orderliness

Front 18

Appropriateness Condition

Back 18

Conventions that regulate the interpretation under which an utterance serves as a particular speech act, such as a question, promise, or invitation.

Front 19

Propositional content condition

Back 19

words of the sentence be conventionally associated with the intended speech act and convey the content of the act. Location must exhibit conventionally acceptable words for effecting the particular speech act.

Front 20

Preparatory Condition

Back 20

conventionally recognized context in which the speech act is embedded.

Front 21

Sincerity Condition

Back 21

speaker must be sincere in uttering the declaration.

Front 22

Essential Condition

Back 22

the involved parties all intend the result.

Front 23

Indirect Speech Act

Back 23

Utterance whose location (literal meaning) and illocution (intended meaning) are different.
"Can you pass the salt?" Uttered as a request or polite directive.

Front 24

Characteristics of an Indirect Speech Act

Back 24

1. Violate at least one Maxim of cooperative principle.
2. Literal meaning differs from its intended meaning.
3. Hearers & readers identify utterance has characteristic 1 & by assuming that the inerlocutor is following the cooperative principle.
4. Hearers & readers identify indirect speech act, they identify its intended meaning through context.

Front 25

Speech Act

Back 25

Action carried out through language.

Front 26

Speech Situation

Back 26

situation in which members of a community interact linguistically on one or more topics, for a particular purpose, and with awareness of the social relations among the interlocutors.

Front 27

Turn Taking & Pausing

Back 27

Participants must tacitly (unspoken) agree on who should speak when.

Front 28

Turn-taking Signals

Back 28

Speakers signal that their turn is about to end with verbal & nonverbal cues. Ending of complete sentence, sharply raising or lowering pitch, drawling last syllable of the final word, "or something"

Front 29

Adjacency Pairs

Back 29

Set of two consecutive, ordered turns that "go together" in a conversation, such as question/answer sequences and greeting/greeting exchanges.

Front 30

Structural Characteristics of Adjacency Pairs.

Back 30

1. Contiguous.
2. Ordered
3. Matched

Front 31

Repair

Back 31

takes place in conversation when a participant feels the need to correct themselves or another speaker, to edit a previous utterance, or restate something,