Speech

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denoatitve meaning

Back 1

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.

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connotative meaning

Back 2

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.

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thesaurus

Back 3

A book of synonyms.

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concrete words

Back 4

Words that refer to tangible objects.

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abstract words

Back 5

Words that refer to ideas or concepts.

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clutter

Back 6

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

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imagery

Back 7

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

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simile

Back 8

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

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cliche

Back 9

A trite or overused expression.

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metaphor

Back 10

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

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rhythm

Back 11

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

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parallelism

Back 12

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

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repetition

Back 13

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

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alliteration

Back 14

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

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antithesis

Back 15

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

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inclusive language

Back 16

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orietntation, or other factors.

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generic "he"

Back 17

The use of "he" to refer to both women and men.

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nonverbal communication

Back 18

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

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manuscript speech

Back 19

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

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impromptu speech

Back 20

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

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extemporaneous speech

Back 21

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

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conversational quality

Back 22

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

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volume

Back 23

The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.

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pitch

Back 24

The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.

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inflections

Back 25

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.

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monotone

Back 26

A constant pitch or tone of voice.

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rate

Back 27

The speed at which a person speaks.

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pause

Back 28

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

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vocalized pause

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A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

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vocal variety

Back 30

Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch,a nd volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

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pronunciation

Back 31

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

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articulation

Back 32

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

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dialect

Back 33

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

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kinesics

Back 34

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

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gestures

Back 35

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.

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eye contact

Back 36

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

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model

Back 37

An object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail.

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graph

Back 38

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

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line graph

Back 39

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

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pie graph

Back 40

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

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bar graph

Back 41

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.

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chart

Back 42

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

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transparency

Back 43

A visual aid drawn, written, or printed ona sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector.

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multimedia presentation

Back 44

A speech that combines several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk.

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font

Back 45

A complete set of type of the same design.

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informative speech

Back 46

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.

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object

Back 47

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.

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process

Back 48

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.

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event

Back 49

Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.

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concept

Back 50

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.

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jargon

Back 51

The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.

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description

Back 52

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness.

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comparison

Back 53

A statement of the similarities amon two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

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contrast

Back 54

A statement of the differences among two or more people,events, ideas, etc.

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personalize

Back 55

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to experience of the audience.

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persuassion

Back 56

The process of creating reinforcing, or changing people's beliegs or actions.

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mental dialogue with the audience

Back 57

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

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target audience

Back 58

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

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question of fact

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A question about the truth or falsity of anassertion.

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question of value

Back 60

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

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question of policy

Back 61

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

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speech to gain passive agreement

Back 62

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

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speech to gain immediate action

Back 63

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

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need

Back 64

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

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burden of proof

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The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

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plan

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The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

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practicality

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The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

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problem-solution order

Back 68

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

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problem-cause-solution order

Back 69

A method of organzing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies aproblem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

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comparative advantages order

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A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

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Monroe's motivated sequence

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A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

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ethos

Back 72

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

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credibility

Back 73

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

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initial credibility

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The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

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derived crdibility

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The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

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terminal credibility

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The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

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evidence

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Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

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logos

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The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

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reasoning

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The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

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reasoning from specific instances

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Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

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hasty generalization

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An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

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reasoning from principle

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Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

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casual reasoning

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Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

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false cause

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An error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follow another, the first event is the cause of the second.

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analogical reasoning

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Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

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invalid analogy

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An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

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fallacy

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An error in reasoning.

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red herring

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A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

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ad hominem

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A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

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either-or

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A fallacy that farces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

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bandwagon

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A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

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slippery slope

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A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

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pathos

Back 93

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.