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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.
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stage fright
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A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.
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adrenaline
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Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.
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positive nervousness
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Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation.
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visualization
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Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
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critical thinking
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The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.
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speaker
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Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
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message
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The means by which a message is communicated.
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channel
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The person who receives the speakers message.
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listener
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The sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.
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frame of reference
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The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
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feedback
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Anything that impedes the communication of a message.
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interference
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The time and place in which speech communication occurs.
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situation
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The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
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ethnocentrism
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The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
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ethics
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Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
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ethical decisions
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The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
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name-calling
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Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own.
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plagiarism
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Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own.
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global plagiarism
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Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own
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patchwork plagiarism
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The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.
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Bill of Rights
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Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.
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incremental plagiarism
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To restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words.
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paraphrase
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The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and firing o electrochemical impulses in the brain.
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hearing
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Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
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listening
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Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
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appreciative listening
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Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.
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empathic listening
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Listening to understand the message of a speaker.
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comprehensive listening
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Listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it.
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critical listening
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The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-150 words per minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-800 wpm).
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spare "brain time"
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Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speakers point of view.
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active listening
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The subject of a speech.
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topic
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A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.
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brainstorming
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The broad goal of the speech.
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general purpose
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A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.
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specific purpose
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One sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.
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thesis
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What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything in a speech.
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residual message
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Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
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audience-centeredness
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A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.
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identification
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The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs and well being.
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egocentrism
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Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership and racial, ethic, or cultural background.
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demographic audienc analysis
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Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all member of the group are alike.
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stereotyping
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Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
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situational audience analysis
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A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
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attitude
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Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.
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fixed alternative questions
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Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
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scale questions
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Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.
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open ended questions
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A listing of all the books, periodical, and other resources owned by a library.
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catalogue
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A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.
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call number
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A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines.
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periodical database
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A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.
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abstract
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A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.
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reference work
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A comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge.
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general encyclopedia
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A comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc.
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special encyclopedia
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A reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year.
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yearbook
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A reference work that provides information about people.
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biographical aid
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A book of maps.
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atlas
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A geographical dictionary.
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gazetteer
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A program used to find information on the world wide web.
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search aid
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The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds are examples, statistics and testimony.
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supporting materials
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A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
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example
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A story, narrative or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
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extended example
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An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
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hypothetical example
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Numerical data.
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statistics
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The average value of a group of numbers.
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mean
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The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
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median
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The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
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mode
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Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
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testimony
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Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
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expert testimony
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Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.
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peer testimony
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Testimony that is presented word for word
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direct quotation
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To restate or summarize a source’s ideas in one’s own words.
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paraphrase
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Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
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quoting out of context
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A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
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preparation outline
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The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker ideas.
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visual framework
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A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.
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bibliography
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A brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech.
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speaking outline
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Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of a speech.
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delivery cues
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Communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather that on the use of words.
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nonverbal communication
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A speech that is written out word for word and is read to the audience.
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manuscript speech
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A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
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extemporaneous speech
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Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many it has been rehearsed.
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converstional quality
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The loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.
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volume
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The highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.
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pitch
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Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice.
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inflections
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A constant pitch or tone of voice.
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monotone
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The speed at which a person speaks.
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rate
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A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.
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pause
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A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh”, “er”, and “um”.
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vocalized pause
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Changes in a speaker’s tone, rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.
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vocal variety
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The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.
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pronunciation
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The physical production of particular speech sounds.
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articulation
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A variety of a language distinguished by variation of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
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dialect
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The study of body motions as the systematic mode of communication.
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kinesics
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Motions of a speaker’s hands and /or arms during a speech.
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gestures
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Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.
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eye contact
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A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
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impromptu speech
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A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
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brief example
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outline just using key-words not full sentences.
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key-word outline
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A search aid that indexes Web pages and checks them for sites that match a researcher's request.
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search engine
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A search aid that combines Internet technology with trditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.
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virtual library
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The multitude of Web databases and other resources that are not indexed by search engines.
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Invisible Web
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The string of letters or numbers that identifies a Web site's address.
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
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A feature in a Web browser that stores links to Web sites so they can be easily revisited.
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bookmark
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An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.
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Sponsoring organization
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An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.
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Research interview
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A lite compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.
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Preliminary bibliography
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