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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antecedents
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serve as a cue or a propt for an individual to behave in a particular way
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Consequences
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either increase, decrease or maintain a behavior
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What are the two forms of consequences?
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1) A new stimulus is presented or added to the envrionment
2) An already present stimulus is avoided, terminated or removed from the environment |
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Describe the ABC analysis
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writing down a sequence of events beginning with antecedents, then behavior, and then consequences (ABC)
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Reinforcement
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INCREASES the probability that a behavior will reoccur
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Punishment
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DECREASES the probability that a behavior will reoccur
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Discipline
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an action that causes IMPROVEMENT in a student
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Applied Behavior Analysis
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Explains the reaction between human behavior (antecedents) and environment factors (consequences)
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What are the four main attributes of ABA?
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Performance Based
Uses principles of behavior Analytic Applied |
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Describe the Performance Based attribute of ABA?
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it is concerned with the student's behavior and the ways where environmental factors affect them
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Describe the principles of behavior of ABA?
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behaviors of teacher or student are universally used (reinforcement or punishment)
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How is ABA analytic?
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there is a functional relationship between an intervention and a target behavior
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How is ABA applied?
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it is characterized by the social importance of the behavior to be changed.
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What are the four main types of reinforcement?
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Positive reinforcement
Primary and Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers Negative Reinforcement (escape conditioning) Avoidance conditioning |
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Any stimulus, when presented after the occurrence of a behavior, that INCREASES the future occurrence of that behavior
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What are the main guidelines to follow when participating in positive reinforcement?
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Ignore inappropriate behaviors,
reinforce immediately, reinforce contingently (if/then), recognize that the reinforcement in individual, avoid satiation, reinforce continually first, then intermittently after a while. |
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What is supersticious behavior?
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The accidental association of a negative response and a positive reinforcer (rewarding a kid for staying quiet an hour ago, right as they hit another child)
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Describe the Premack Principle
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High probability behaviors are contingent with low probability behaviors. (rewarding a kid with what they love to to)
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What is the free access rule?
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how much of a reward a kid would want in one day... (10 starbursts)
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What is a stimulus response chain?
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When one behavior becomes a cue for another, and another, and etc... (long division example)
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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reinforcing every instance of the desirable behavior
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What is a primary reinforcer?
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Any stimulus that in reinforcing in itself (food, drink, sleep, etc...)
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What is a conditioned reinforcer?
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not reinforcing in itself but requires reinforcing power (money is just paper, but has power so it is reinforcing)
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What are generalized conditioned reinforcers?
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a reinforcer that can be exchanged for a limitless number of things
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What is negative reinforcement?
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removing a stimuli directly after a behavior is performed to increase that behavior (car sounds going off to put on your seatbelt, put it on, sound goes off)
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What is avoidance conditioning?
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performing a behavior first, to avoid something bad from happening.
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Describe the terms: fixed, variable, ratio, duration, interval
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Fixed: stays same
Interval: changes Ratio: number of behaviors Duration: Time doing the behavior Interval: Time until reinforcement is available. |
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What is a fixed ratio schedule?
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When the number of behaviors stays the same
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What is a variable ratio schedule?
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When the number of behaviors changes
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What is a fixed interval schedule?
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When the time to recieve reinforcement stays the same (the kid knows when reinforcement is coming)
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What is a variable interval schedule?
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When the time to recieve the reinforcement changes (the student is given a choice as to when reinforcement could come so they work for both either way)
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What is a limited hold?
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when a student must perform the behavior within a set amount of time after reinfrocement becomes available.
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What is a fixed duration schedule?
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When the time doing the behavior stays the same
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What a variable duration schedule?
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When the time doing the behavior changes
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What is a response cost?
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A punishment where some behavior costs the kid something they like
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What are the two parts to extinction?
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1) if someone emits a previously reinforced response and it is not folllowed by the usual reinforcing consequence
2) then that person is less likely to perform that same behavior again when she next encounters a similar situation. simply: ignoring. |
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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the reappearance of an extinguished behavior following a break
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What are the two types of punishment?
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1) when you misbehave, something will be presented to you that you dont like.
2) punishment when you misbehave, something is taken away. |
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Differentiate between fading and shaping
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fading involves antecedents
shaping involves consequences |
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Describe stimulus control
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certain behaviors occur in the presence of some stimuli an dnot others
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What is stimulus discriminaiton?
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the procedure by which students learn to express appropriate behavior in the presence of the "right" stimuli and not the "wrong" stimuli
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What is stimulus generalization?
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when individuals respond in a similar manner to different stimuli.
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What is a reponse class?
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behaviors that have at least one thing in common
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What is differential reinforcement?
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it involves reinforcing a certain behavior from a response class and extinguishing all other members of that class.
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Why is continuous counting the best?
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1) it reduces the likelihood of our introducing error into the behavior management process.
2) direct and coninuous counting reduces the likelihood of our either prematurely termination and effective intervention or unduly continuing and ineffective one. |
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What are some questions to consider before counting?
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Who can make observations? What will be observed? Where will it take place? When will it be counted? Where does it most occur? How will it be recorded?
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What are the factors to consider before pinpointing a behavior?
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Stranger test, so what test, dead mans test, fair pair
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What is the stranger test?
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If a stranger can figure out about the child then the definition is operationally defined and it passes the test
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What is the so what test?
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If the behavior is potentially harmful to the student or other students then it passes the test
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What is a fair pair?
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targeting a appropriate behavior to increase and also an inappropriate behavior to decrease
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What is the dead mans test?
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If a dead man can do it, then the behavior is incorrect and does not pass the test. DEAD MAN SHOULD NOT BE ABLE TO DO THE BEHAVIOR THE WAY THAT YOURS IS WORDED
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What are permanent products recordings?
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The end results of students' behaviors
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Describe frequency/event recording
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It involves a tally or count of the number of times a targetd behavior occurs (hand raising)
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Describe duration recording
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How long a behavior lasts... helps to record behaviors that last a long time but may not happen very frequently
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What is total duration?
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The entire time a student engages in the target behavior during a specified observation period
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What is the duration per occurrence?
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the length of time per episode that a student engages in
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What is the average duration?
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the length of time of each episode all averaged together
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What is latency recording?
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how long it takes a student to begin a behavior after they are asked to do it
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What is interval recording?
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It measures the occurrence or nonoccurrence of behaviors within specified time interval
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What is partial interval recording?
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only marking down once, when the behavior occurs during a time period (whether it happened one time or 9)
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What is time sampling recording?
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observing students only at the end of a time period
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Describe the AB design of graphs
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The most basic design. A-- Baseline... B--Intervention phase
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What is the ARAB design (reversal design)?
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graphing with the intervention, then withdrawing the intervention and replacing it and seeing those effects as well.
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Why is assessment conducted?
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1) to determine whether students are elible for sped services under IDEA
2) to pave the way for an intervention plan |
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What are the types of hypotheses?
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Functional, contextual, curricular
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Describe a functional hypothesis
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Involved a replacement behavior
*typically a kid misbehaves because they don't know how to get appropriate attention |
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Describe a contextual hypothesis
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Focuses on the environment (antecedent and consequence)
*typically a kid misbehaves for attention |
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Describe a curricular hypothesis
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Focuses on intruction.. something in the lesson that the kid wants to escape
*typically a kid misbehaves as an escape |
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What are the steps for testing a hypothesis?
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1) operationally define the target behavior
2) Select a recording technique for observing and counting the target behavior 3) Observe the target behavior before and after manipulating variables 4) Graph the results |
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What are the reasons that tokens are effective?
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1) No formal interruption of lesson
2) The amount of reinforcement is immediately obvious to students 3) Tokens can be used even if teacher is in bad mood 4) No satiation 5) Tokens serve as a cue to remind teachers to reinforce |
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Why do behavorial contracts work?
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1) They focus on rule-governed behavior
2) The contracts are made public 3) Because students are equal 4) Because teacher AND student behaviors are specified |
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What are the two purposes of task record?
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1) Both parties of the contract are reminded of it constantly
2) A certain number of task completions are required to earn the reward |
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What are the 3 rules for successful contracting?
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1) Contracts must be fair
2) Contracts must be clear 3) Contracts must be Honest |
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Describe the dependent group oriented contingency
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Consequences for a group of student depend on the performance of one member or small subsection of a group
* hero procedure |
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Describe the INdependent group oriented contingency
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The reinforcer is presented to the whole class but the students work individually to get it
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Describe the INTERdependent group oriented contingency
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Performance of all group members must meet the CAP before any group member can recieve reinforcement
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What is the CAP?
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Criterion for acceptable performance
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What is scapegoating?
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When unpopular students are blamed for all types of negative classroom outcomes (negative peer influence)
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Define DRO
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Differential Reinforcements of Other Behaviors
*Reinforcing for not engaging in inappropriate behaviors for a specified time |
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Define DRL
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Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates Behaviors
*Reinforcing students when the target behavior is at a tolerable/desirable level |
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What are the 4 different schedules of DRO?
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Reset schedule, fixed interval schedule, increasing interval schedule, progressive schedule
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Describe the DRO Reset Schedule
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Every ___ minutes the student goes without performing the inappropriate behavior, they get reinforced, but if they do it within that time, the time resets.
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Describe the DRO Fixed Interval Schedule
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The interval length is fixed, reinforcement is delivered at the end of each interval (time does not reset)
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Describe the DRO Increasing Interval Schedule
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It's a way of 'fading' reinforcement by gradually increasing interval length (reinforcement stays the same)
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Describe the DRO Progressive Schedule (DROP)
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Interval length remains the same but the amount of reinforcement increases as students refrain from inappropriate behaviors
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What are the 2 DRL Schedules?
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DRL-IRT
DRL-Below Criterion |
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Describe the DRL-IRT Schedule
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Interresponse times are calculated. Times eventually increase. Student is not reinforced if they perform the behavior too much within the interresponse time
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Describe the DRL-Below Criterion Schedule
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Determine the average number of times behavior is performed during certain interval of time. Reinforcement is delivered if frequency of behavior is less than the baseline
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How do you calculate the interresponse time?
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Divide the number of times the behavior occurs by the total number of minutes observed. That number (rounded) is your IRT.
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Response costs
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Deal with taking away a privelage when kids misbehave
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What are the different levels of time out?
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Planned ignoring, Reduction of response maintenance stimuli, Planned ignoring plus restraint, contingent observation, exclusion, seclusion
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What is seclusion?
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Locked room
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What is exclusion?
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Removing a child from an environment completely
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What is contingent obersvation?
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Safe Seat (removing a child ffarther rom a group)
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What is planned ignoring plus restraint?
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Impossible
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What is reduction of response maintenance stimuli?
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Time out ribbon
(reducing stimuli that maintains a response/behavior) |
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What is restitutional overcorrection?
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When a child makes a mistake and has to fix everything associated with it instead of just the one part they did (draw on one desk, clean all desks)
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What is positive practice overcorrection?
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Requires a student to repeatedly practice an appropriate behavior that is topographically related to the misbehavior
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What are the procedures resembling overcorrection?
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Simple correction, contingent exercise, quiet training, negative practice, stimulus satiation
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