Sped 226 Part 2

Front 1

natural supports

Back 1

resources in a person's environment that can be used for support (i.e. friends, family, or co-workers)

Front 2

social vs. practical intelligence

Back 2

social intelligence: ability to understand & interpret people & social interactions

practical intelligence: ability to solve everyday problems

Front 3

adaptive behavior

Back 3

social and practical intelligence that people have learned so that they can function in their everyday lives; along with intellectual functioning, are considered in making a determination of mental retardation/intellectual disability

Front 4

AAIDD

Back 4

American Association on Intellectual and Development Disabilities

Front 5

supports

Back 5

resources and strategies that promote a person's development, education, interests, & personal well being

Front 6

levels of support

Back 6

*characterize the amount of support needed for someone with an intellectual disability to function

*intermittent: short term, low or high intensity
*limited: consistency over time, time limited (but not intermittent)
*extensive: regular involvement in some environments, not time limited
*pervasive: constancy, high intensity, provision across environments, potentially life-sustaining nature

Front 7

mild mental retardation or intellectual disability

Back 7

classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 55-70

Front 8

moderate mental retardation or intellectual disability

Back 8

classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 40-55

Front 9

severe mental retardation or intellectual disability

Back 9

classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 40 or below

Front 10

prenatal causes of intellectual disabilities

Back 10

causes occurring during fetal development

Front 11

perinatal causes of intellectual disabilities

Back 11

causes at birth

Front 12

postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities

Back 12

causes occurring after birth; can be biological (i.e. TBI, infections) or psychosocial (unstimulating environment)

Front 13

down syndrome

Back 13

*condition resulting from an abnormality w/ 21st pair of chromosomes

(most common is triplet, not pair, called trisomy 21)

*characterized by intellectual disability, slanted eyes, decreased muscle tone (hypotonia), a single palmar crease, shortness, tendency toward obesity)

Front 14

spina bifida

Back 14

congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development

Front 15

Williams Syndrome

Back 15

*condition resulting from deletion of material in the 7th pair of chromosomes-->mild/moderate intellectual disabilities, heart defects, & elfin facial features

*strength in spoken language/sociability
*deficits in spatial organization, reading, writing, & math

Front 16

fragile X syndrome

Back 16

*condition in which the bottom of the X chromosome in the 23rd pair of chromosomes is pinched off; can result in physical anomalies & intellectual disabilities.

Front 17

Prader-Willi syndrome

Back 17

*caused by inheriting from one's father a lack of genetic material on the 15th pair of chromosomes

*leading genetic cause of obesity

*degree of intellectual disability varies (most mildly intellectually disabled)

Front 18

inborn errors of metabolism

Back 18

*deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, or trace elements

*can sometimes result in intellectual disability)

Front 19

PKU

Back 19

Phenylketonuria

*metabolic genetic disorder caused by the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

*an accumulation of phenylalanine results in abnormal brain development

Front 20

microcephalus

Back 20

condition causing development of a small, conical-shaped head; proper development of the brain is prevented. resulting in intellectual disabilities.

*no specific treatment
*short life expectancy

Front 21

hydrocephalus

Back 21

condition characterized by enlargement of the head because of excessive pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid

*treatment:
-shunt (tube) to drain excess
-inserting a bypass device

Front 22

rubella

Back 22

German measles

*serious viral disease, which, if it occurs during the 1st trimester of pregnancy, is likely to cause deformity in the fetus

Front 23

anoxia

Back 23

deprivation of oxygen

*can cause brain injury

Front 24

LBW

Back 24

low birth weight

*babies who are born weighing less than 5.5 lbs; usually premature.

*at risk for behavioral & medical conditions, including intellectual disabilities

Front 25

syphilis

Back 25

*a venereal disease that can cause mental subnormality in a kid (esp. if it's contracted by the mom-to-be during the latter stages of fetal development)

Front 26

herpes simplex

Back 26

*viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals & is contracted by the mom-to-be in the later stages of fetal development, it can cause mental subnormality in the kid.

Front 27

meningitis

Back 27

bacterial or viral infection of the linings of the brain or spinal cord

Front 28

encephalitis

Back 28

inflammation of the brain; can affect the kid's mental development adversely

Front 29

mental age v. chronological age

Back 29

mental age: age level at which a person performs on an IQ test

chronological age-refers to how old a person is

IQ= (mental age divided by chronological age) x 100

Front 30

working memory

Back 30

ability to remember info while also performing other cognitive operations

Front 31

self-regulation

Back 31

refers generally to a person's ability to regulate his/her own behavior

Front 32

metacognition

Back 32

a person's (1) awareness of what strategies are necessary to perform a task & (2) ability to use self-regulation strategies

*one's understanding of the strategies available for learning a task & the regulatory mechanism needed to complete the task

Front 33

gullibility

Back 33

inclination to believe highly questionable statements or claims, despite scanty evidence

Front 34

behavioral phenotype

Back 34

a collection of behaviors (including cognitive, language, & social behaviors as well as psychopathological symptoms) that tend to occur together in people with a specific genetic syndrome

Front 35

functional academics

Back 35

practical skills (i.e. reading a newspaper or a telephone book) rather than academic learning skills)

Front 36

systematic instruction

Back 36

teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences for performance, & transfer of stimulus control

Front 37

constant time delay

Back 37

instructional procedure whereby the teacher makes a request while simultaneously prompting the student & then over several occasions makes the same request & waits a constant period of time before prompting

Front 38

progressive time delay

Back 38

instructional procedure whereby the teacher makes a request while simultaneously prompting the student & then over several occasions gradually increases the latency between the request & the prompt

Front 39

learned helplessness

Back 39

a motivational term referring to a condition wherein a person believes that no matter how hard (s)he tries, failure will result

Front 40

CRF

Back 40

community residential facility

*a place, usually a group home, in an urban/residential neighborhood where about 3-10 adults with intellectual disabilities live under supervision

Front 41

supported living

Back 41

approach to living arrangements for those with intellectual disabilities that stresses living in natural settings rather than institutions, big or small

Front 42

sheltered workshop

Back 42

a facility that provides a structured environment for people with disabilities in which they can learn skills (can be transitional or permanent)

Front 43

competitive employment

Back 43

workplace that provides employment that pays at least minimum wage & in which most workers are non-disabled

Front 44

supported competitive employment

Back 44

workplace where adults who are disabled earn at least minimum wage & receive ongoing assistance from a specialist/job coach & where the majority of workers in the workplace are non-disabled.

Front 45

FSIQ

Back 45

full scale IQ

Front 46

3 developmental stages

Back 46

prenatal
perinatal
postnatal

Front 47

types of prenatal problems

Back 47

chromosomal disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, developmental disorders affecting brain formation, & environmental influences

Front 48

types of perinatal problems

Back 48

anoxia, LBW, infections such as syphilis & herpes simplex

Front 49

types of postnatal problems

Back 49

Biological (TBI, infections)
Psychosocial (unstimulating environment)

Front 50

ITP

Back 50

individualized transition plan (age 14 or 9th grade start-whichever comes first)

Front 51

MR learning characteristics (5)

Back 51

*better long term than short term memory
*needs significant repetitive drill
*difficulty generalizing learned principles
*difficulty thinking abstractly
*poor self concept

Front 52

1st cardinal rule of teaching

Back 52

don't start teaching until you have everyone's attention

Front 53

2nd cardinal rule of teaching

Back 53

don't continue teaching until you have everyone's attention

Front 54

CCC (& MDT) decides what 5 things

Back 54

*disability?
*if so, what?
*severity?
*program
*placement

Front 55

cultural-familial mental retardation/pseudo retardation

Back 55

overall performance low, certain areas high

Front 56

chromosomal disorder

Back 56

any of several syndromes resulting from abnormal/damaged chromosomes; can result in intellectual disability

Front 57

amniocentesis

Back 57

medical procedure that allows examination of the amniotic fluid around the fetus; sometimes recommended to determine the presence of abnormality

Front 58

Who attends the CCC

Back 58

*general education teacher
*special education teacher & licensed to teach/supervise
*parents
*coordinator
*psychologist/ MDT member

Front 59

4 types of abuse/neglect

Back 59

*physical abuse
*sexual abuse
*neglect
*emotional maltreatment (emotional neglect or emotional abuse)

Front 60

ratio of negative to positive feedback

Back 60

1:5

Front 61

NJCLD

Back 61

National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities

Front 62

IQ-achievement discrepancy

Back 62

academic performance markedly lower than would be expected on the basis of a student's intellectual ability

Front 63

MRI

Back 63

magnetic resonance imaging

*a neuroimaging technique whereby radio waves are used to produce cross-sectional images of the brain; used to pinpoint areas of the brain that are dysfunctional

Front 64

fMRI

Back 64

functional magnetic resonance imaging

*an adaptation of the MRI used to detect changes in the brain while it is in an active state (no radioactive materials used)

Front 65

fMRS

Back 65

functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy

*an adaptation of the MRI used to detect changes in the brain while it is in an active state (no radioactive materials used)

Front 66

PET scan

Back 66

positron emission tomography scans

*a computerized method for measuring bloodflow in the brain; during a cognitive task, a low amount of radioactive dye is injected in the brain; the dye collects in active neurons, indicating which areas of the brain are active

Front 67

left temporal lobe

Back 67

area on the left side of the brain; neuroimaging studies indicate it's responsible for speech, language, & reading abilities & is dysfunctional in persons w/ reading disabilities.

Front 68

familiality studies

Back 68

method of determining the degree to which a given condition is inherited; looks at the prevalence of the condition in relatives of the person with the condition

Front 69

heritability studies

Back 69

methods of determining the degree to which a condition is inherited; a comparison of the prevalence of a condition in identical vs. fraternal twins

Front 70

teratogens

Back 70

agents, such as chemicals, that can disrupt the normal development of the fetus; a possible cause of learning disabilities and other learning/behavioral problems

Front 71

FASD

Back 71

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

*a range of disorders whose mothers consumed large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy

Front 72

decoding

Back 72

ability to convert print to spoken language; dependent on phonemic awareness & understanding of the alphabetic principles; a significant problem for many people with reading disabilities.

Front 73

phonological awareness

Back 73

the ability to understand that speech flow can be broken into smaller sound units such as words, syllables, & phonemes; generally thought to be the reason for the reading problems of many students with disabilites

Front 74

phonemic awareness

Back 74

one's ability to understand that words are made up of sounds, or phonemes

Front 75

reading fluency

Back 75

the ability to read effortlessly and smoothly; consists of the ability to read at a normal rate & with appropriate expression; influences one's reading comprehension

Front 76

reading comprehension

Back 76

ability to understand what one has read

Front 77

syntax

Back 77

the way words are joined together to structure meaningful sentences (i.e. grammer)

Front 78

semantics

Back 78

the study of the meanings attached to words

Front 79

phonology

Back 79

the study of how individual sounds make up words

Front 80

pragmatics

Back 80

the study within psycholinguistics of how people use language in social situations; emphasizes the functional use of language, rather than mechanics

Front 81

ADHD

Back 81

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

*a condition characterized by severe problems of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity; often found in people with learning disabilities

Front 82

STM

Back 82

short term memory

*ability to recall information after a short period of time

Front 83

WM

Back 83

working memory

Front 84

comprehension monitoring

Back 84

ability to keep track of one's own comprehension of reading material & to make adjustments to comprehend better while reading; often deficient in students with learning disabilities

Front 85

nonverbal learning disabilities

Back 85

a term used to refer to individuals who have a cluster of disabilities in social interaction, math, visual-spatial tasks, and tactual tasks

Front 86

locus of control

Back 86

a motivational term referring to how people explain their successes or failures

*people with an internal locus of control believe that they are the reason for success or failure (internal factors: determination or ability)

*people with an external locus of control believe that outside forces influence how they perform (such as luck or fate)

Front 87

cognitive training

Back 87

a group of training procedures designed to change thoughts or thought patterns

Front 88

self-instruction

Back 88

a type of cognitive training technique that requires individuals to talk aloud and then to themselves as they solve problems

Front 89

self-monitoring

Back 89

a type of cognitive training technique that requires individuals to keep track of their own behavior

Front 90

content enhancement

Back 90

the modification of curriculum materials to make them more salient or prominent (i.e. graphic organizers & mnemonics)

Front 91

graphic organizers

Back 91

a way of enhancing content visual displays using lines, circles, & boxes to organize information

Front 92

DI

Back 92

direction instruction

*a method of teaching academics; especially reading & math; emphasizes drill & practice & immediate feedback; lessons are precisely sequenced, fast-paced, & well-rehearsed by the teacher

Front 93

task analysis

Back 93

the procedure of breaking down an academic task into its component parts for the purpose of instruction

Front 94

g.e.

Back 94

grade equivalent

Front 95

keyword approach

Back 95

students are taught how to transform an unfamiliar word to a familiar word

Front 96

pegword strategy

Back 96

students learn to correlate numbers with familiar rhyming words

Front 97

PALS

Back 97

peer-assisted learning strategies

Front 98

DISTAR

Back 98

direct instructional system for teaching & remediation

Front 99

baseline data point

Back 99

used in CBM; the beginning score gathered before an intervention begins

Front 100

expected growth norms

Back 100

used w/ CBM; the rate at which the average student is expected to learn given typical instruction

Front 101

aim line

Back 101

used in CBM; based on expected growth norms, a line drawn from the baseline data point to the anticipated end of instruction

Front 102

IRI

Back 102

informal reading inventory

*a method of assessing reading in which the teacher has the student read progressively more difficult series of word lists & passages; the teacher notes the difficulty level of the material read & the types of errors the student makes

Front 103

error analysis

Back 103

an informal method of teacher assessment that involves the teacher noting the particular kinds of errors a student makes when doing academic work

Front 104

standardized achievement assessment

Back 104

a method of evaluating a person that has been applied to a large group so that an individual's score can be compared to the norm, or average

Front 105

characterized by severe specific deficits in perceptual, integrative, or expressive processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that adversely affects the student's education performance

Back 105

Learning disability

Front 106

PIE

Back 106

perceptual
integrative
expressive

Front 107

# 1 disability

Back 107

LD

Front 108

LD

Back 108

learning disability

Front 109

CNS

Back 109

central nervous system

Front 110

teratogen (Jacob's def) & top 5 major teratogens

Back 110

any element that can cause a problem in CNS

*food, chemicals, dust, mold, pollen

Front 111

comorbid

Back 111

2+ disabilities at the same time

Front 112

*intelligence scores w/in normal range
*significant discrepancy between academic achievement & expected potential
*not caused by other factors-such as cultural differences, educational opportunities, poverty, or other disabilities (the exclusion clause)
*often manifested in language-related areas, such as communication, written language, reading
*problem intrinsic to individual involving person's CNS, specific deficits in information processing, or the ability to learn
*learning problems specific & confined to 1-2 cognitive areas

Back 112

key features of LD

Front 113

LD causes

Back 113

genetic
medical
teratogens

Front 114

learning channels
4 types & 2 subtypes per type

Back 114

Input/Memory/Meaning
*visual
*auditory

Output
*verbal
*graphic

Front 115

LD is caused by a dysfunction in:

Back 115

Central Nervous System dysfunction