Specific Electrical Modalities

Front 1

Name 5 Low frequency currents.

Back 1

1) Low volt galvanic

2) LVPC

3) HVPC

4) TENS = biphasic

5) sinusoidal & faradic

Front 2

What can low voltage galvanic currents do?

Back 2

1) polar effects
2) electrodiagnosis
3) iontophoresis
4) some pain control
5) muscle contraction

Front 3

What can LVPC do?

Back 3

1) pain control
2) edema
3) myospasm
4) muscle strengthening
5) some polar effects

Front 4

What can HVPC do?

Back 4

1) acute pain control
2) LVPC

Front 5

What can TENS do?

Back 5

1) pain control by sensory nerve stimulation

Front 6

What can sinusoidal & faradic currents do?

Back 6

1) stimulate muscle to break up myospasm
2) exercise muscle

Front 7

Parameters for Acute Stage

Back 7

-continuous
-80-120 Hz
-lower intensity (pt perception)
-stimulate I & II sensory fibers
-close the pain gate
-stimulate enkaphalin production
-10-20 minutes
-"+" if mono

Front 8

Parameters for Chronic Stage

Back 8

-produce endorphins
-decrease Hz to below 10 Hz (3-5 optimal)
-higher intensity to pt tolerance
"-" polarity for 20-30 minutes

Front 9

Parameters for Subacute Stage

Back 9

-if injury closer to Acute, then use acute settings
-if injury closer to chronic, then use chronic settings
-intensity at pt tolerance
-15-20 minutes
-"-" or "+"

Front 10

Frequency to break muscle spasms?

Back 10

50-55 Hz

Front 11

Settings to break muscle spasms?

Back 11

-50-55 Hz
-intensity at pt tolerance
-continuous mode
-20 minutes
-"-" or "+"

Front 12

Settings to pump out edema?

Back 12

-10 Hz
-intensity to pt tolerance with mild muscle contraction
-alternating mode is best, but surge is good
-15-20 mins
-"-" is preferred but "+" is ok for less chance of edema

Front 13

Settings to exercise muscles?

Back 13

-10-15 Hz
-pt tolerance
-surged or alternating
-20 minutes
-"-"

Front 14

AKA for interrupted modulation?

Back 14

surge

Front 15

Primary action of low volt galvanism?

Back 15

electrochemical polar

Front 16

Low volt galvanism current

Back 16

monophasic current

Front 17

Low volt galvanism waveform

Back 17

rectangular wave

Front 18

Tests used to confirm low volt galvanism

Back 18

1) water bubble test
2) litmus paper test
3) phenolphthalein test

Front 19

Name the modality:

-NaCl ion dissociates in solution. Na is attracted to cathode, while Cl goes to anode. HCl forms at anode whle NaCl forms at the cathode.

Back 19

Low volt galvanism

Front 20

Chemical effects of anode

Back 20

-acids
-attracts oxygen

Front 21

Physiologic effects of anode

Back 21

-tissue hardening
-vasocontriction
-ischemia
-astringent

Front 22

Chemical effects of cathode

Back 22

-base
-attracts hydrogen

Front 23

Physiological effects of cathode

Back 23

-tissue softening
-vasodilation
-edema
-germicidal

Front 24

"+" is like?

Back 24

ice

Front 25

"-" is like?

Back 25

heat

Front 26

Pain control in low volt galvanism

Back 26

-acidic reaction at "+" pole
-sedates tissue in acute stage
- "-" pole can be used in chronic stage
-enkaphalin production

Front 27

LVG maximum current intensity?

Back 27

1 mA per inch squared of active electrode, or pt tolerance.

-intensity should not be increased even if pt becomes accomodated

Front 28

Contraindications for Low volt galvanism

Back 28

1) over the brain, eyes, heart, pacemaker, carotid sinuses, low back/pelvis in pregnancy, systemic hemorrhage, infection, malignancy

2) when polar changes are not desired

3) over recent scar

4) poor sensory perception

5) metallic implants

Front 29

Indications for LVG?

Back 29

1) iontophoresis
2) electrodiagnosis

Front 30

What tests integrity of muscles and nerves?

Back 30

electrodiagnosis

Front 31

Nerve conduction velocity and electromyelogram machines use which 2 types of current?

Back 31

1) LVG
2) faradic

Front 32

Muscles innervated by a damaged nerve undergo what?

Back 32

reaction of degeneration (RD)

Front 33

When reaction of degeneration (RD) is present, what 2 responses can be seen?

Back 33

1) no response with faradic

2) sluggish response with LVG

Front 34

Introduction of ions into superficial tissues by means of LVG current is called?

Back 34

iontophoresis

Front 35

Treatment time of iontophoresis?

Back 35

10-15 minutes

Front 36

Name 2 concerns with iontophoresis.

Back 36

1) allergic response
2) tissue damage, if using too high a current

Front 37

Primary actions of LVPC?

Back 37

1) electrokinetic

2) electroanalgesic

Front 38

Current of LVPC?

Back 38

monophasic pulsed current

Front 39

LVPC waveform?

Back 39

rectangular wave

Front 40

Contraindications for LVPC

Back 40

1) over brain, eye, heart, pacemaker, carotid sinuses, low back/pelvis in pregnancy, systemic hemorrhage, infection, malignancy

2) poor sensory perception

3) over recent scar

4) metallic implants

Front 41

LVPC has a mode switch. Name the modes.

Back 41

1) pulsed mode (surged)
-surged mode
- amplitude is slowly increased and then decreased

2) reciprocating/alternating
-current amplitude alternates between channels

3) continuous

Front 42

Primary action of HVPC

Back 42

1) electrokinetic
2) electroanalgesic

Front 43

HVPC current?

Back 43

monophasic twin peak current

Front 44

HVPC waveform?

Back 44

triangular waveform

Front 45

Which current produces more current therefore penetrates deeper?

Back 45

HVPC

Front 46

Which current is known for their effectiveness in pain control?

Back 46

HVPC

Front 47

Out of all the contraindications for LVPC, which one is not an absolute one with HVPC?

Back 47

Poor sensory perception

-significant sensory loss is a contraindication

Front 48

HVPC modulation controls

Back 48

1) continuous

2) switch rate - alternating currents b/t electrodes

3) interrupted - surge on/off, for exercise

Front 49

What does TENS stand for?

Back 49

transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation

Front 50

Primary action of TENS

Back 50

electroanalgesic

Front 51

TENS current?

Back 51

biphasic current

Front 52

TENS waveform?

Back 52

Rectangular waveform
or
Faradic waveform (interrupted modulation)

Front 53

Current capable of opiate production?

Back 53

TENS

Front 54

Penetration of TENS

Back 54

superficial

Front 55

Current where pt can wear unit at hours at a time?

Back 55

TENS

Front 56

Indications for TENS

Back 56

symptomatic relief of all type of pain EXCEPT visceral pain

Front 57

Current with ONLY sensory stimulation?

Back 57

TENS

Front 58

"between the pain and the brain"

Back 58

TENS

Front 59

Pad distance for monophasic

Back 59

6-8"

Front 60

Pad distance for biphasic

Back 60

2-3"

Front 61

Settings for TENS?

Back 61

- waveform 40-500 us usually under 130 us

-1-150 Hz

-continuous or burst

Front 62

What can occur with long-term usage of the TENS unit?

Back 62

skin irritation

Front 63

Primary action of Sinewave/Faradic

Back 63

electrokinetic

Front 64

Waveform of sinewave

Back 64

symmetrical sinusoidal waveform with no polar effects

Front 65

Waveform of faradic

Back 65

asymmetrical triangular waveform that can provide a polar change

Front 66

Physiological effects of sinewave and faradic

Back 66

-ms contraction

-stretching fibrotic tissue

-increased lymph flow

Front 67

Contraindications for sinewave and faradic

Back 67

-fracture
-dislocation
-osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia
-TB, recent scar formation, abrasions, new skin, hematoma

Front 68

Settings of sinewave and faradic

Back 68

-intensity is to pt tolerance

-muscle contraction for 20 minutes

Front 69

Primary action of medium frequency modalities

Back 69

-electrokinetic

-electroanalgesic

Front 70

What are the 2 medium frequency modalities used?

Back 70

1) Russian stim

2) Interferential

Front 71

What is Russian stim used for?

Back 71

muscle strengthening

Front 72

How is interferential current produced?

Back 72

1) frequency difference interferential

2) premodulated interferential

Front 73

Waveform of russian stim and true interferential

Back 73

sinusoidal waveform

Front 74

Current of russian stim and true interferential

Back 74

biphasic current

Front 75

Interferential is defined as?

Back 75

2 medium Hz sinuswaves that cross to create a 3rd LOW Hz beat in the tissues

Front 76

AKA for true interferential?

Back 76

frequency difference

Front 77

Frequency difference interferential

Back 77

-2 different generators

-2 biphasic
1) 4k Hz
2) 4k + 1-150 Hz

Front 78

Difference b/t the 2 currents in frequency difference interferential represent what?

Back 78

beat frequency

Front 79

What does the beat frequency represent?

Back 79

how many times the 2 currents meet to create a 3rd current = sum of the 2 currents

Front 80

What does the 3rd current in frequency different interferential look like?

Back 80

clover leaf

Front 81

With frequency differet interferential, why does Wedensky inhibition occur?

Back 81

-occurs with the 2 channels because Hz is faster than membrane repolarization

Front 82

Wedenky inhibition allows what to happen?

Back 82

a complete nerve block

Front 83

Out of all 3 currents in frequency different interferential, which of is therapeutic?

Back 83

the 3rd current

Front 84

Settings of premodulated IF

Back 84

-2 currents set at 4k Hz

-currents modulated in machine & can be applied to pt in BURSTS

-current sent out thru ONE channel

Front 85

A form of premodulated interferential which uses a frequency of 2500 Hz

Back 85

Russian stim

Front 86

Uses for true interferential

Back 86

*ONLY for pain
-acute
-subacute
-chronic

Front 87

Uses for premodulation interferential

Back 87

-pain
-muscles
*exercise
*spasm
*edema

Front 88

Uses for Russian stim

Back 88

-muscles
*exercise
*spasm
*edema

Front 89

Frequency created by Russian stim?

Back 89

BEAT Hz of 50 Hz