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97 Cards in this Set
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What animals are the Sireneans?
What are some anatomical features of this group? |
dugongs, manatees
very dense bone tooth replacement like elephants hind gut fermenters: helps maintain buoyancy mammary glands axillary abdominal testes compound multireniculated kidneys in manatees, unlobulated in dugongs deep interventricular cleft heart: lung field long & dorsal |
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What are some differences b'twn Dugongs & Manatees?
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dugongs: streamlined body w/ whale-like tail, strictly marine, form true herds
manatees: blimp-like body w/ horizontally flattened tail, euryhaline (can live in fresh or salt water), no true herds |
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What are some anatomical features of sea otters?
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large lung volume
reniculated kidney no anal glands: unlike other members of family sparse fat, thick fur, loose skin |
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What are the major diseases of sea otters?
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toxoplasmosis
Profillicolis acanthocephalans: causes peritonitis in juveniles oiling (ex. Exxon Valdez) |
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polar bears
a. type of kidney b. major diseases |
a. reniculated
b. dermatophilosis: captivity green fur from algae: captivity lepto sterotypical behavior: captivity rabies reported |
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What are the families that make up the group Pinniped?
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Phocidae: true seals
Otariidiae: fur seals, sea lions Odobenidae: walruses |
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What are some differences b'twn true seals & fur seals/sea lions?
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true seals: marine, freshwater, estuarine; hind flippers cannot go forward, all flipper surfaces are furred
fur seals & sea lions: marine only, have small ear pinna, hind flippers go forward: agile on land, naked palms & soles |
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What are some anatomical features of walruses?
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tusks
no lower incisors fused mandibular symphysis tail enclosed in web of skin round tongue tip (not notched) |
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What animals are the Cetaceans?
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Mysticetes: baleen whales
Odontocetes: toothed whales (includes beaked wholes, dolphins, porpoises) |
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What are some major viral & parasitic diseases that affect Pinnipeds?
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morbillivirus (Phocid distemper virus): closely related to canine distemper
influenza virus poxvirus (parapox) calicivirus (San Miguel Sea Lion virus = Vesicular Exanthema of Swine): originated in sea lions, then spread to land herpesvirus (PHV-1): high mortality rate in neonates, primarily in captivity lung & nasal mites, lung worms (in juveniles), heartworms (in captivity) |
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leptovirus in seals
a. clinical signs b. lesions |
a. depression, PU/PD, reluctance to use rear limbs, fever, occ. icterus
b. abortion, nephritis, hemorrhagic syndrome in fetuses & neonates |
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What are some anatomic characteristics of baleen whales?
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2 external blowholes (nasal openings)
baleen: keratin -filters water, then they lick of crustaceans/fish that stick inside |
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What are some differences b'twn dolphins & porpoises?
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dolphins: small & active, prominent beaks, many teeth in both jaws, large tapering flippers
porpoises: small, no beak, spear like teeth, low dorsal fin |
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What are some anatomic characteristics of Cetaceans w/ regard to:
a. GI tract b. kidneys c. ears |
a. 3 compartment stomach, duodenal ampulla
b. kidneys extensively lobulated (renules): each w/ own cortex, medulla, blood supply c. acoustically isolated from skull, wide interaural distance, external auditory meatus vestigial, auditory fats/wax esters in mandible |
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What are some major viral diseases of Cetaceans?
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morbillivirus
herpesvirus poxvirus (tattoo lesions) |
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What are some bacterial diseases of Cetaceans?
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Erysipelas: Erysiplothrix rhysiopathiae: affects dolphins
peracute/subacute form: rapid death w/ few clinical signs cutaneous form: rhomboid dermal plaques (rare) rx: penicillin, tetracycline, or enrofloxacin may be a 2º invader Meliodosis: Burkholderia pseudomallei zoonotic concern assoc. w/ monsoons in East Asia bacterial pneumonia • chief cause of mortality in captivity signs: lethargy, anorexia, halitosis, dyspnea, pyrexia, leukocytosis rapid progression dx: clinical signs rx: correct environmental problems, AB therapy |
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What are some fungal diseases of Cetaceans?
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Candidiasis
2º to other problems: immunocompromise, unbalanced water disinfection (over-chlorination) lesions frequently around body orifices dx: yeast on bx &/or culture rx: itraconazole, other antifungals Keloidal Blastomycosis (Lobo's dz): reported only in man & dolphin keloidal dermatitis w/ systemic spread |
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What are some misc. medical problems of Cetaceans?
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Anisakids
gastric ulcers: common in captivity: assoc. w/ stress Monorygma, Phyllobothrium: tapeworm cysts Stenurus: roundworms & trematodes common in sinuses toxoplasmosis |
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What are some sites for Cetacean venipuncture?
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main site: fluke (tail fin) vessels
other: caudal vein, cardiac puncture for euthanasia |
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What are some unique properties of cetacean hematology?
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higher PCV w/ deeper divers
large RBCs granulocyte: mononuclear ratio: 50:50 or higher eos: 6-12% |
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What are venipucture sites for:
a. seals? b. sea lions? |
a. intervertebral extradural sinus (midline b’twn wings of ilium)
b. external jugular v., caudal gluteal v. (good b/c not near head) secondary site: interdigital vv. |
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What are some unique features of pinniped hematology?
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higher PCV w/ deeper divers (45-60%)
large RBCs granulocyte:mononuclear cell ratio of 70:30 eos: 6-10% |
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sea otters
a. venipuncture site b. hematology features |
a. tail stick
b. PCV: mid 50s large RBCs granulocyte:mononuclear cell ratio of 70:30 eos: 1-6% |
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manatees
a. venipuncture site b. hematology features |
a. vessel b'twn radius & ulna
b. PCV: 30-40 low WBC response w/ infection have heterophils granulocyte:mononuclear cell ratio near 50:50 |
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What are some clin path prognostic indicators for:
a. cetaceans b. Tursiops c. in general |
a. RBC sedimentation rate (ESR): inc. in acute inflammation
b. serum iron: drops dramatically w/ inflammation (<100: poor px) c. poor signs: dec. ALP, eosinopenia |
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What are some cytologic methods used in marine mammals?
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blowhole evaluation: cytology & culture
bronchial wash gastric wash U/A blubber bx |
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What are some unique serum chemistry findings in marine mammals?
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AST not liver specific in seals, manatees
BUN normally high (40-60), except in manatees, polar bears high fasting BG (> 100 mg/dl) |
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loggerhead turtles
a. diet b. species status |
a. mollusks, crabs, fish
b. threatened |
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ridley turtles
a. 2 types b. species status c. diet |
a. Kemp's, olive
b. Kemp's: endangered, olive: most numerous sea turtle c. crabs, mollusks, fish |
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green turtles
a. diet b. species status c. unique feature of fat & plasma |
a. herbivores
b. endangered or threatened c. green tint |
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hawksbill turtle
a. diet b. species status c. source of? |
a. sponges
b. endangered c. tortoise shell |
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flatback turtle
a. unique fact |
a. post-hatchling stage is near shore: unusual
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leatherback
a. unique features b. diet c. species status |
a. heterotherms, only sea turtle species w/ soft shells
b. jellyfish c. endangered |
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What are some causes of decline in sea turtle numbers?
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fisheries & boating interactions
egg & meat consumption marine debris --> GI impactions loss & degradation of nesting habitat dz "tortoiseshell” |
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What are some unique anatomic features of sea turtles?
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outer & inner skull: small brain, very well protected
salt glands esophagus: keratinized papillae: keeps solid food down |
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What are some venipuncture sites for sea turtles?
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external jugular v. (dorsal cervical sinus)
interdigital vv. |
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What are some methods of anesthesia for sea turtles?
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medetomidine + ketamine
sevo: 2 breaths/min propofol |
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What are some unique clin path findings in sea turtles?
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nucleated RBCs
heterophils, azurophils BUN normally high (except in green, leatherback) biliverdinemia (green serum): liver dz |
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How can you determine the sex of a sea turtle?
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adults: males have elongated tales
juveniles: must do laparoscopy |
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What are some diseases of sea turtles?
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fibropapilloma
barnacles leeches hypothermic stunning metabolic bone dz "tank syndrome" |
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What is the triage policy for wild bird rehab?
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high priority: endangered or threatened species
non-releasable animals: options for education, display, captive breeding non-releasable & non-endangered: consider humane euthanasia |
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What are some safety features assoc. w/ handling
a. raptors b. wading birds |
a. go for feet 1st
sharp powerful talons, sharp, hooked beak (many bite: esp. owls, falcons, eagles, vultures) wear heavy gloves, goggles, etc. b. wading birds (herons, egrets) & some water birds (cormorants, etc.) can cause blindness or death w/ their beaks; wear eye protection & restrain heads |
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What are some captive management problems assoc. w/ wild bird rehab?
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bumblefoot: any inflammatory problem of foot
feather damage & self-induced injuries nutrition traumatic injuries orphaned raptors: metabolic bone dz, imprinting, habituation Mycoplasma gallispeticum: conjunctivitis in song birds West Nile high path AI |
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bumblefoot (wild birds)
a. causes b. lesions (mild, moderate, severe) c. prevention d. tx |
a. improper perches, overgrown talons, puncture wounds, bacterial infection (Staph aureus, E. coli), contralateral limb injury, obesity, poor substrate (waterfowl)
b. mild: red, smooth skin, minor erosions --> good px moderate: swelling, hyperkeratosis, ulceration --> fair px severe: abscess, cellulitis, osteomyelitis --> poor px c. examine feet regularly, correct underlying problems, address early problems, appropriate perches for raptors d. wound management, topical meds, ABs based on C/S, protective bandaging, sx if needed (debridement) |
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feather damage & self induced injuries in wild birds
a. lesions b. prevention |
a. soft tissue trauma to cere, carpal joints, feet, feather damage, broken blood feathers
b. appropriate housing, protective tail sheath +/- “wrist bumpers”, “imping”: replacing feathers w/ feathers from another bird of same species (make a splint) |
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What are some dietary problems assoc. w/ wild bird rehab?
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deficiency: calcium (most important): can cause metabolic bone dz; also vitamin D3, vitamin A (parrots), thiamine
excesses: obesity in long term captives --> bumblefoot, fatty liver, cardiac dz, etc. |
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restraint & anesthesia of zoo species:
TIME = _______________ |
TRAUMA
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What are some methods of chemical restraint delivery w/ zoo species?
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hand syringe
pole syringe blow darts remote projection: palmer type, telinject/daninject inhalation: chamber, mask |
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What are some factors affecting dose of drugs used for restraint in zoo species?
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age
gender condition degree of excitement |
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What are some causes of failed immobilization of zoo species assoc. w/ no effect & what should you do?
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failed dart (most common)
delivery to depot site (ex. fat) wrong dose spoiled drug what to do: reschedule if elective procedure, else wait 10 min. & repeat full dose |
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What are some causes of failed immobilization of zoo species assoc. w/ inadequate effect & what should you do?
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underestimated weight
partial delivery (not all drug got in) old or adulterated drug overexcited animal what to do: wait 10 min., then give another ½ dose (can give a total of 1 full dose & 2 ½ doses, then STOP) |
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What are some causes of failed immobilization of zoo species assoc. w/ excessive effect?
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overestimated weight
IV/arterial delivery metabolic dz |
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What are the 2 pieces of legislation important to lab animal medicine & how does each define "animal"?
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Animal Welfare Act (USDA, APHIS)
animal: warm blooded animals, except birds, lab rats & mice, farm animals/agricultural research PHS Policy (Dept. of Health & Human Services) animal: any live, vertebrae animal |
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What are the key elements of an institutional animal care & use program?
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institutional official
attending vet IACUC |
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What are the responsibilities of IACUC?
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review & approve animal use protocols
evaluate animal facilities & programs report to IO & make recommendations review & investigate concerns have the authority to suspend activities |
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What are the responsibilities of attending vet in lab animal setting?
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DVM must be full member of IACUC
resources & methods to prevent, control, dx, & tx dz & injury emergency, weekend, holiday care daily observation of animals by trained personnel: direct & frequent communication w/ DVM guidance to personnel: handling, restraint, anesthesia, analgesia, tranquilization, euthanasia pre- & post-procedural care |
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What are the components of preventive medicine in an institutional practice?
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purchase of clean animals, not just dz free: purpose bred (SPF, gnotobiotic), random source, farm raised
quarantine of new animals isolation of diseased animals biosecurity: barriers personnel practices controlled environment health surveillance: sentinel animals rapid control of dz outbreaks "cleaning up" colonies w/ unwanted dz: rederivation (C-section, embryo transfer, neonatal transfer) |
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What are some issues assoc. w/ small mammals in private practice?
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preventive medicine: no vaccines
husbandry is always a key R/O clin path limitations: sample collection, normal ranges, response to dz therapeutic limitations: extra-label use, few controlled studies, toxicities |
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What are some GI diseases of guinea pigs?
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AB assoc. enterotoxemia: Clostridium difficle overgrowth
bacterial enteritis (esp. Salmonella) Cryptosporidiosis maloclussion hypovitaminosis C |
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What are some non-GI diseases of guinea pigs?
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bacterial pneumonia (Bordetella, Strep pneumoniae)
chronic interstitial nephritis pregnancy toxemia/ketosis dystocia dermatophytosis acariasis (sarcoptid mite, fur mite) pododermatitis (bumblefoot) cervical lymphadenitis ("lumps") scurvy |
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What are some diseases of rats?
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maloclussion
sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) chronic resp. dz: Mycoplasma pulmonis chronic interstitial nephritis ulcerative dermatitis: Staph aureus? mammary neoplasia: benign fibroadenoma |
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What are some diseases of mice?
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mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)
pinworms chronic resp. dz: Sendai virus +/- Mycoplasma fur mites ulcerative dermatitis mammary neoplasia: adenocarcinoma |
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What are ddx for poor repro performance in mice & rats?
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sexual immaturity
nutritional deficiency ↑ temp or humidity abnormal light:dark cycle, noise overcrowding presence of male lack of bedding or nesting materials disturbing newborns |
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What are some diseases of hamsters?
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proliferative ileitis ("wet tail"): Lawsonia intracellularis
Clostridial enterotoxemia Tyzzer's dz renal amyloidosis/chronic renal dz |
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What are some diseases of gerbils?
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Tyzzer's dz: Clostridium piliforme
nasal dermatitis ("sore nose") |
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What are some parasitic diseases of rabbits?
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Coccidia: young rabbits
ear mites Cuterebra/myiasis fur mites Encephalitozoon cuniculi: protozoan |
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What are some bacterial diseases of rabbits?
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Pasteurella multocida: can be systemic
Bordetella Treponema cuniculi: syphilis dysbiosis & diarrhea tularemia: Francisella tularemis |
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What are some viral diseases of rabbits?
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rabbit hemorrhagic dz (RHD): calicivirus
myxoma virus: poxvirus rabbit fibroma virus rabies (uncommon) |
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What are some misc. diseases of rabbits?
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heat stress
maloclussion dental dz syndrome GI stasis bladder sludge & calculi uterine adenocarcinoma spinal trauma splay leg |
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What are some common neoplasms in ferrets?
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adrenal adenoma/adenocarcinoma
insulinoma mast cell tumor LSA |
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What are some common viruses of ferrets?
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canine distemper
epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE): coronavirus Aleutian dz: parvo in minks influenza rabies |
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What are some misc. diseases of ferrets?
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foreign body ingestion
IBD Helicobacter mustelae cataracts estrogen toxicity heart dz splenomegaly myofascitis HW dz fleas |
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What drugs should & should not be used for rabbit anesthesia?
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anesthesia is to effect
YES: ketamine + medetomidine, midazolam, xylazine, or ace NO: telazol, propofol |
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What drugs can be used for analgesia in rabbits?
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carprofen PO, ketoprofen IM, meloxicam PO, buprenorphine SQ, IV
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antibiotic assc. enterotoxemia of guinea pigs
a. organism implicated b. ABs implicated c. main lesion |
a. Clostridium difficle overgrowth + toxin elaboration
b. penicillin, ampicillin, etc. c. hemorrhagic typhlitis |
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bacterial enteritis of guinea pigs
a. organism implicated b. dx |
a. Salmonella typhimurium
b. fecal or tissue culture, R/O Clostridium sp. |
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Cryptosporidiosis: guinea pigs
a. dx |
a. ID of oocysts on fecal smear, histopath, R/O Coccidia
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maloclussion: guinea pigs
a. teeth affected b. signs c. tx |
a. molars
b. wt. loss, "slobbers", facial dermatitis c. repeated tooth trimming/filing, hay? |
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bacterial pneumonia: guinea pigs
a. organisms implicated b. tx |
a. Bordetella, Strep pneumoniae
b. ABs (TMS, enrofloxacin), supportive care, vitamin C |
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pregnancy toxemia/ketosis: guinea pigs
a. pathogenesis b. tx |
a. obesity + fasting --> fat stores mobilized --> ketosis
b. C-section, glucose, fluids, steroids, vit. C (generally unrewarding) |
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dystocia: guinea pigs
a. predisposing factors b. signs c. tx |
a. failure to breed sow before 7-8 mo. of age, obesity, large fetuses
b. depression, hx of late breeding, incomplete relaxation of pubic symphysis c. if symphysis open: oxytocin if symphysis not open: C-section |
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dermatophytosis: guinea pigs
a. signs b. tx |
a. asymptomatic common, pruritic areas of alopecia, excoriations, secondary infection
b. topical miconazole, lime sulfur dip, systemic antifungal |
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mites, lice: guinea pigs
a. clinical signs w/ each type b. tx |
a. fur mite: usually asymptomatic
sarcoptid mite: pruritis, extensive alopecia, excoriations, secondary infection lice: usually subclinical or rough haircoat w/ alopecia & crusts b. ivermectin |
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pododermatitis: guinea pigs
a. organism implicated b. predisposing factors c. tx |
a. Staph aureus
b. poor husbandry, wire bottomed cages, obesity c. tx underlying cause, +/- systemic ABs, surgical debridement, foot soaks |
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ddx for alopecia in guinea pigs
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dermatophytosis
sarcoptid mites lice intensive breeding ovarian cysts barbering |
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cervical lymphadenitis: guinea pigs
a. pathogenesis b. dx c. tx |
a. Strep zooepidemicus --> abscesses
b. culture or impression smear c. surgical excision & systemic ABs |
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scurvy: guinea pigs
a. pathogenesis b. signs c. tx |
a. lack of vitamin C --> defective collagen formation
b. subclinical, ADR, lameness, joint swelling, anorexia, diarrhea, ↓ wound healing, loose teeth, maloclussion, ↑ susceptibility to infection, gingival bleeding, pain c. parenteral vitamin C, followed by oral for ~ 1 wk (canned pumpkin, +/- fresh cabbage, kale, oranges) |
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sialodacryoadenitis virus (rats)
a. mode of transmission b. signs c. dx d. tx |
a. highly infectious: direct contact or aerosol transmission
b. cervical swelling, rhinitis, 2º ocular signs (squinting, photophobia, keratitis, conjunctivitis, periorbital swelling) c. usually self-limiting w/ low mortality symptomatic tx +/- ABs for 2º infection |
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chronic respiratory dz: rats
a. organisms implicated b. clinical signs c. tx |
a. Mycoplasma pulmonis +/- Sendai virus, cilia-assoc. respiratory (CAR) bacillus, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Strep pneumoniae
b. rough haircoat, wt. loss, hunched posture, “snuffing”, “chattering”, nasal d/c, head tilt, squinting, chromodacryorrhea, polypnea, dyspnea, +/- subclinical if Strep pneumoniae, usually dysnea, sudden death c. elimination difficult, even w/ elimination of clinical signs colony: rederiviation +/- ABs, steroids, bronchodilators |
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ulcerative dermatitis: rats
a. organism implicated b. tx |
a. Staph aureus, usually secondary to self trauma
b. local cleansing, trim toenails, topical ABs (ex. silver sulfadiazine), steroids?, antihistamines? |
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mammary neoplasia
a. most common tumor in rats b. most common tumor in mice |
a. fibroadenoma
b. adenocarcinoma |
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muse hepatitis virus
a. transmission b. signs c. lesions |
a. highly infectious; fecal-oral, aerosol, fomites
b. usually subclinical in immunocompetent animals +/- wt. loss, ↓ fertility naïve sucklings: +/- diarrhea, runting, high mortality c. absence of milk in stomach of sucklings w/ flaccid, distended gut +/- multifocal hepatic necrosis |
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chronic resp. dz: mice
a. organisms implicated b. tx |
a. Sendai +/- Mycoplasma
b. ABs may ↓ signs, but generally not curative |
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fur mites: mice
a. signs b. tx |
a. subclinical, generalized hair thinning, rough haircoat, alopecia, pruritis, +/- ulcers
b. ivermectin |
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wet tail: hamsters
a. organism implicated b. signs c. tx |
a. Lawsonia intracellularis
b. lethargy, rough haircoat, hunched appearance, irritability, watery diarrhea, +/- death c. supportive, ABs (TMS, enrofloxacin, tetracycline) |
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Tyzzer's dz: gerbil
a. organism implicated b. signs c. tx |
a. Clostridium piliforme
b. sudden death, or short period of lethargy, rough hair coat, etc. +/- watery diarrhea, perianal fecal staining c. supportive, but often unrewarding |
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nasal dermatitis: gerbil
a. predisposing factors b. signs c. tx |
a. relative humidity > 50%, overcrowding
b. alopecia, erythema, focal dermatitis around nares +/- spread beyond nasal area c. address predisposing factors: ↓ stress, humidity, provide sandbath +/- topical cleansing |
