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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the structure bulging from the front of the eye?
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Cornea
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What is the pink stained disk in the eye?
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Lens
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What is the pigmented material anterior to the lens?
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Iris
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What is the space between the cornea and the iris?
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Anterior chamber
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What is the space between the iris and the lens?
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Posterior chamber
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What is the space posterior to the lens?
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Vitreous chamber
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What is the purple-stained layer at the posterior of the eye?
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Retina
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What are the 3 tunics that enclose the eye?
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1. Corneoscleral layer
2. Uveal layer 3. Neural layer |
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What is the corneoscleral layer composed of?
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-Cornea
-Sclera |
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What is the Uveal layer composed of?
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-Iris
-Ciliary body -Choroid |
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What is the Neural layer?
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The retina
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What nerve emerges from the eyeball?
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CN II - optic
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What is the major refractive structure of the eye?
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The cornea
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How much of the corneoscleral layer consists of each part?
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Cornea = anterior 1/6
Sclera = posterior 5/6 |
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What are the 5 layers of the cornea?
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1. Corneal epithelium
2. Bowman's membrane 3. Stroma 4. Descemet's membrane 5. Corneal endothelium |
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What type of epithelium is the Corneal epithelium?
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Stratified squamous nonkeratinized ~5 cells thick.
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What is present within the Corneal epithelium?
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Many free nerve endings
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What is Bowman's membrane?
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The basement membrane of the corneal epithelium.
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What makes up the bulk of the cornea?
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The stroma
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What is the stroma made of?
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200-250 Lamellae
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What are lamellae?
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Dense collagenous tissue fibers that are oriented perpendicular to one another (orthagonal)
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What is interspersed within the lamellae?
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GAGs, glycoproteins, and cells.
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What type of collagen are the fibrils in lamellae made of?
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Type I collagen
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How are the Type I Collagen fibrils within a given lamellae oriented to each other?
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Parallel
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How are the collagen fibrils in adjacent lamellae oriented to one another?
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Perpendicular
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What is Descemet's membrane?
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The basement membrane to the corneal endothelium.
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What is the corneal endothelium made up of?
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Simple squamous (one cell layer) epithelial cells.
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What do corneal abrasions expose?
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Bowman's membrane
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What layer of the cornea is scraped away during lasik surgery?
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The stroma
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What is the iris?
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An adjustable diaphragm
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What does the iris control?
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The amount of light entering the eye through the iris' central pupil.
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What tunic is the iris part of?
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The uveal layer
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What does the pupil divide the anterior compartment into?
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Anterior/posterior chambers
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What make up the stroma of the iris?
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-Fibroblasts
-Melanocytes -Collagen fibers |
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What is the muscle that is arranged circumferentially around the pupillary margin?
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The sphincter pupillae muscle
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What is the muscle that is arranged radially from the pupillary margin?
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Dilator pupillae muscle
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What type of innervation does the Sphincter pupillae recieve?
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Parasympathetic
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What type of innervation does the Dilator pupillae recieve?
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Sympathetic
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What are the 3 main components of the lens visible on the microscope?
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-Lens capsule
-Anterior lens cells -Lens fibers |
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What type of cells are the Anterior lens cells?
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Simple cuboidal epithelium - one cell layer thick.
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What is the lens capsule?
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A thick basement membrane for the anterior lens cells.
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What are the wispy light pink fibers that extend from the ciliary processes and insert into the lens capsule?
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Zonule fibers
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What is a cataract?
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Opacity of the lens due to damage or crystallin protein aggregations.
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What is the space between the lens and the iris?
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Posterior chamber
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What is the space posterior to the lens?
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The vitreous body
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What do the zonule fibers extend from?
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Ciliary processes
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What are the ciliary processes a projection from?
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The Ciliary Body
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What does the ciliary body become anteriorly? Posteriorly?
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Anteriorly - the iris
Posteriorly - the choroid |
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How can you identify this uveal layer?
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It has pigment cells
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What special eye movement is achieved by the ciliary body?
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Accommodation
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What allows the ciliary body to achieve accommodation?
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The ciliary muscles
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What type of innervation do the ciliary muscles recieve?
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Parasympathetic
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How does contraction of the ciliary muscles achieve accomodation?
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It causes the zonule fibers to become slack and allows the lens to poof out as the tension on it decreases.
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What covers the ciliary processes?
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A double layer of epithelium
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What do the outer epithelial cells covering the ciliary body secrete?
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Aqueous humor
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What is aqueous humor similar to?
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ECF
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What is the function of aqueous humor?
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It provides nutrition to the avascular cornea and lens.
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Where does the ciliary body release aqueous humor into?
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The posterior chamber of the anterior compartment.
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What happens to aqueous humor after it's released into the posterior chamber?
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It filters through the pupil into the anterior chamber.
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Where does aqueous humor go after it gets into the anterior chamber?
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It drains into the CANAL OF SCHLEMM
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Where is the Canal of Schlemm located?
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At the iridiocorneal angle
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What is the cornea continuous with posteriorly?
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The sclera
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What is the sclera?
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White opaque connective tissue that covers the posterior 5/6 of the eye.
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What is the junction of the cornea and sclera called?
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The LIMBUS
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What is an important function of the sclera?
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The extraocular muscles insert onto it
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The outermost tunic of the eye is the corneoscleral layer; what is the middle tunic?
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The uveal layer
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What does the uveal layer consist of anteriorly? Posteriorly?
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Anteriorly: Iris / Ciliary body
Posteriorly: Choroid |
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What color is the choroid in our slide?
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Dark brown
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What is the function of the Choroid?
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To absorb stray light that doesn't get absorbed by the retina.
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What is the innermost tunic of the eye?
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The retina - neural layer
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What is the neural layer ANTERIORLY?
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The epithelial linings of the iris and ciliary body
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What is the neural layer posteriorly?
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the retina
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What is the junction between the anterior/posterior parts of the neural layer?
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ORA SERRATA
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What happens at the ora serrata?
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The neural layer becomes photosensitive.
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How many layers are in the retina?
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10
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What are the layers of the retina from innermost to external?
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Bruch's membrane
1. Retinal pigmented epithelium 2. Photoreceptor Layer 3. Outer limiting Membrane 4. Outer nuclear layer 5. Outer plexiform layer 6. Inner nuclear layer 7. Inner plexiform layer 8. Ganglion cell layer 9. Optic nerve fiber layer 10. Inner limiting membrane |
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Why is the choroid so dark brown?
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Because it contains open lumens of blood vessels.
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What type of cells make up the RPE?
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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What special membrane structures do RPE cells have? What for?
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Microvilli - to phagocytose vesicles shed by outer segments of the photoreceptors.
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Why does the RPE have pigment?
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To absorb stray light that passes through the retina and doesn't get absorbed by cones and rods.
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Across which retinal layers do the rods/cones span?
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-Photoreceptor layer (2)
-Outer limiting membrane -Outer nuclear layer -Outer plexiform layer (5) |
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How are the rods/cones situated with reference to the RPE?
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Their outer segments are embedded in it.
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What do the outer segments consist of?
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Multiple layers of membrane that contain light sensitive pigment.
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What are the inner segments composed of?
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Structures for protein synthesis and energy production.
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What is the thin dark pink line that separates the photoreceptor layer from the outer nuclear layer?
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The outer limiting membrane.
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What is the outer limiting membrane?
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Just a visible junction.
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What does the outer nuclear layer contain?
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The cell bodies of rods/cones
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What happens in the outer plexiform layer?
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The axons of rods/cones synapse on interneurons.
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What is the layer that is composed of cell bodies of interneurons?
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The inner nuclear layer
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Where do the interneurons synapse on retinal ganglion cells?
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In the inner plexiform layer
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What is the cell layer that contains the cell bodies of ganglion cells?
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The ganglion cell layer
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What makes up the optic nerve fiber layer?
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ONFL - unmyelinated axons of ganglion cells.
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What do the unmyelinated axons of ganglion cells form?
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The optic disc
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What does the optic disc become when it exits the eyeball?
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The optic nerve.
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What is the fine dark line separating the retina from vitreous humor?
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The inner limiting membrane.
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What is the inner limiting membrane composed of?
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Glial cells
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Why are the ganglion cell axons unmyelinated?
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To be transparent
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What is the region where these ganglion cell bodies are moved out of the light path? Why?
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The fovea - for high visual acuity.
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What usually begins retinal detachment?
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A tear in the peripheral retina
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What causes retinal detachment to get worse?
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Vitreous humor leaks between the retina and RPE
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What is the conical depression in the retina directly opposite the lens?
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The fovea
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What type of photoreceptors are found in the region of the fovea almost exclusively?
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Cones
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What is the fovea located in?
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The macula lutea
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